C++17新特性:概念与模块系统解析

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"本文主要探讨了C++17的新特性,包括Concepts和Module System,以及C++17的发布状态。通过一个示例展示了Concepts如何帮助避免模板错误,从而提升代码的清晰度和安全性。" C++17是C++编程语言的一个重要版本,它引入了一系列新特性和改进,旨在提高效率、可读性和编译时检查。以下是C++17中两个关键特性的详细介绍: 1. Concepts Concepts是C++17中引入的一种强大的模板元编程工具,用于更精确地定义模板参数的要求。在C++中,模板是一种泛型编程方式,但它们的类型参数可以接受任何类型,这可能导致在编译期间难以捕获的错误。Concepts允许开发者为模板参数指定特定的约束,从而在编译时提供更严格的类型检查。 案例#1: ```cpp template<typename R, typename T> bool exist(const R& range, const T& value) { for (const auto& x : range) if (x == value) return true; return false; } vector<string> vec{}; exist(vec, 47); // BUG! ``` 在上面的代码中,`exist`函数模板期望接收一个范围(Range)和一个值(Value),但没有明确限制Value必须与Range内的元素兼容。因此,尝试将整数47传递给包含字符串的向量会导致编译错误。如果使用Concepts,我们可以防止这种错误,确保模板只接受正确的类型组合。 2. Module System C++17的另一个重大改进是模块系统。传统的头文件包含机制导致的命名空间污染和编译时间过长问题一直是C++开发者面临的问题。模块系统提供了一种新的组织和导入代码的方式,它将源代码分割成独立的模块,每个模块都有自己的作用域。这减少了编译时间和依赖性管理的复杂性,同时提高了代码的隔离性。 C++Timeline表明,C++17的发布标志着语言的发展进入了一个新的阶段,引入的新特性旨在解决过去存在的问题,并推动C++向着更加现代和高效的方向发展。 总结来说,C++17通过引入Concepts和Module System等特性,显著提升了代码的可读性、安全性和编译效率。理解并应用这些新特性,可以帮助开发者编写出更健壮、更具可维护性的软件。在实际开发中,应积极学习和利用C++17的这些改进,以提升代码质量和开发效率。
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The C++ language has a long history, dating back to the 1980s. Recently it has undergone a renaissance, with major new features being intro duced in 2011 and 2014. At press time, the C++17 standard is just around the corner. C++11 practically doubled the size of the standard library, adding such headers as , , and . C++17 doubles the library again, with additions such as , , and . A programmer who’s been spending time writing code instead of watching the standardization process might fairly feel that the standard library has gotten away fromhim--that there’s so many new things in the library that he'll never be able to master the whole thing, or even to sort the wheat fromthe chaff. After all, who wants to spend a month reading technical documentation on std::locale and std::ratio , just to find out that they aren't useful in your daily work? In this book, I'll teach you the most important features of the C++17 standard library. In the interest of brevity, I omit some parts, such as the aforementioned ; but we'll cover the entire modern STL (every standard container and every standard algorithm), plus such imp ortant topics as smart pointers, randomnumbers, regular expressions, and the new-in-C++17 library. I'll teach by example. You'll learn to build your own iterator type; your own memory allocator using std::pmr::memory_resource ; your own thread pool using std::future . I'll teach concepts beyond what you'd find in a reference manual. You'll learn the difference between monomorphic, polymorphic, and generic algorithms (Chapter 1 , Classical Polymorphism and Generic Programming ); what it means for std::string or std::any to be termed a "vocabulary type"(Chapter 5 , Vocabulary Types ); and what we might expect fromfuture C++ standards in 2020 and beyond. I assume that you are already reasonably familiar with the core language of C++11; for example, that you already understand how to write class and function templates, the difference between lvalue and rvalue references, and so on.