SWI-Prolog 5.6参考手册：Amsterdam大学版

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"SWI-Prolog 5.6 使用手册" SWI-Prolog 是一款基于 Warren 抽象机器（WAM）子集的 Prolog 实现。这个版本是 5.6.59，由 Jan Wielemaker 在 2008 年 8 月更新。SWI-Prolog 的设计初衷是一个开放的 Prolog 环境，它提供了一个强大且双向的 C 接口，这是其他 Prolog 实现所不具备的。这一特性对于与 C 语言的交互至关重要，尤其是在处理 XPCE（一个在 SWI 中开发的对象导向 GUI 系统）时。XPCE 被用于在 SWI-Prolog 中开发知识密集型的图形应用。随着 SWI-Prolog 的流行，它积累了一个庞大的用户社区，社区的需求对它的发展起到了指导作用。为了满足这些需求，SWI-Prolog 注重兼容性、可移植性、可扩展性、稳定性，并提供强大的开发环境。在设计其基础原语时，受到了 Edinburgh、Quintus、SICStus 以及 ISO 标准的影响。本手册详细介绍了 SWI-Prolog 5.6 的功能和语法特性，包括但不限于： 1. **编译与解释器**：SWI-Prolog 提供了高效的编译器和解释器，能够优化 Prolog 程序的执行效率。 2. **模块系统**：支持模块化编程，允许程序的组织和隔离，提高了代码的复用性和可维护性。 3. **C 接口**：通过 C 接口，开发者可以方便地在 Prolog 代码与 C 代码之间进行交互，实现低级别的性能优化或者利用已有的 C 库。 4. **XPCE 图形库**：提供了一套面向对象的图形用户界面（GUI）系统，允许创建复杂的图形应用程序。 5. **错误处理和调试**：SWI-Prolog 包含了丰富的错误处理机制和调试工具，便于程序的调试和问题定位。 6. **库和工具**：内置了大量实用库，如文件系统操作、网络通信、日期时间处理等，同时提供了许多辅助开发工具，如代码分析、性能监控等。 7. **并发和多线程**：支持并发编程模型，可以利用多核处理器的优势，提高程序的并行计算能力。 8. **ISO Prolog 标准兼容**：尽管 SWI-Prolog 有自己的扩展，但它尽力保持对 ISO Prolog 标准的兼容，使得代码可以在不同 Prolog 系统间移植。 9. **文档支持**：提供详细的参考手册和在线帮助，便于学习和查阅。这本手册将深入探讨这些主题，包括每个特性的使用方法、示例代码以及可能遇到的问题和解决方案。无论是初学者还是有经验的 Prolog 开发者，都可以从中受益。通过阅读此手册，开发者可以更好地掌握 SWI-Prolog，从而编写出高效、可靠的 Prolog 应用程序。

16 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.6.8 Version 2.9 Release Notes

Version 2.9 is the next step towards version 3.0, improving ISO compliance and introducing ISO com-

pliant exception handling. New are catch/3, throw/1, abolish/1, write term/[2,3],

write canonical/[1,2] and the C-functions PL exception() and PL throw(). The predicates

display/[1,2] and displayq/[1,2] have been moved to backcomp, so old code referring

to them will autoload them.

The interface to PL open query() has changed. The debug argument is replaced by a bitwise or’ed

ﬂags argument. The values FALSE and TRUE have their familiar meaning, making old code using

these constants compatible. Non-zero values other than TRUE (1) will be interpreted different.

1.6.9 Version 3.0 Release Notes

Complete redesign of the saved-state mechanism, providing the possibility of ‘program resources’.

See resource/3, open resource/3, and qsave program/[1,2].

1.6.10 Version 3.1 Release Notes

Improvements on exception-handling. Allows relating software interrupts (signals) to exceptions,

handling signals in Prolog and C (see on signal/3 and PL signal()). Prolog stack overﬂows now

raise the resource error exception and thus can be handled in Prolog using catch/3.

1.6.11 Version 3.3 Release Notes

Version 3.3 is a major release, changing many things internally and externally. The highlights are a

complete redesign of the high-level I/O system, which is now based on explicit streams rather then

current input/output. The old Edinburgh predicates (see/1, tell/1, etc.) are now deﬁned on top

of this layer instead of the other way around. This ﬁxes various internal problems and removes Prolog

limits on the number of streams.

Much progress has been made to improve ISO compliance: handling strings as lists of one-

character atoms is now supported (next to character codes as integers). Many more exceptions have

been added and printing of exceptions and messages is rationalised using Quintus and SICStus Pro-

log compatible print message/2, message hook/3 and print message lines/3. All

predicates described in [Deransart et al., 1996] are now implemented.

As of version 3.3, SWI-Prolog adheres the ISO logical update view for dynamic predicates. See

section 4.13.1 for details.

SWI-Prolog 3.3 includes garbage collection on atoms, removing the last serious memory leak

especially in text-manipulation applications. See section 9.6.2. In addition, both the user-level and

foreign interface supports atoms holding 0-bytes.

Finally, an alpha version of a multi-threaded SWI-Prolog for Linux is added. This version is still

much slower than the single-threaded version due to frequent access to ‘thread-local-data’ as well as

some too detailed mutex locks. The basic thread API is ready for serious use and testing however. See

section 8.

Incompatible changes

A number of incompatible changes result from this upgrade. They are all easily ﬁxed however.

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

1.6. RELEASE NOTES 17

• !/0, call/1

The cut now behaves according to the ISO standard. This implies it works in compound goals

passed to call/1 and is local to the condition part of if-then-else as well as the argument of

\+/1.

• atom chars/2

This predicate is now ISO compliant and thus generates a list of one-character atoms. The

behaviour of the old predicate is available in the —also ISO compliant— atom codes/2

predicate. Safest repair is a replacement of all atom chars into atom codes. If you do not

want to change any source-code, you might want to use

user:goal_expansion(atom_chars(A,B), atom_codes(A,B)).

• number chars/2

Same applies for number chars/2 and number codes/2.

• feature/2, set feature/2

These are replaced by the ISO compliant current prolog flag/2 and

set prolog flag/2. The library backcomp provides deﬁnitions for these predicates, so

no source must be updated.

• Accessing command-line arguments

This used to be provided by the undocumented ’$argv’/1 and Quintus compatible library

unix/1. Now there is also documented current prolog flag(argv, Argv).

• dup stream/2

Has been deleted. New stream-aliases can deal with most of the problems for which

dup stream/2 was designed and dup/2 from the clib package can with most others.

• op/3

Operators are now local to modules. This implies any modiﬁcation of the operator-table does

not inﬂuence other modules. This is consistent with the proposed ISO behaviour and a necessity

to have any usable handling of operators in a multi-threaded environment.

• set prolog ﬂag(character escapes, Bool)

This Prolog ﬂag is now an interface to changing attributes on the current source-module, effec-

tively making this ﬂag module-local as well. This is required for consistent handling of sources

written with ISO (obligatory) character-escape sequences together with old Edinburgh code.

• current stream/3 and stream position

These predicates have been moved to quintus.

1.6.12 Version 3.4 Release Notes

The 3.4 release is a consolidation release. It consolidates the improvements and standard conformance

of the 3.3 releases. This version is closely compatible with the 3.3 version except for one important

change:

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

18 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

• Argument order in select/3

The list-processing predicate select/3 somehow got into a very early version of SWI-Prolog

with the wrong argument order. This has been ﬁxed in 3.4.0. The correct order is select(?Elem,

?List, ?Rest).

As select/3 has no error conditions, runtime checking cannot be done. To simplify debug-

ging, the library module checkselect will print references to select/3 in your source

code and install a version of select that enters the debugger if select is called and the second

argument is not a list.

This library can be loaded explicitly or by calling check old select/0.

1.6.13 Version 4.0 Release Notes

As of version 4.0 the standard distribution of SWI-Prolog is bundled with a number of its popular

extension packages, among which the now open source XPCE GUI toolkit (see section 1.5). No

signiﬁcant changes have been made to the basic SWI-Prolog engine.

Some useful tricks in the integrated environment:

• Register the GUI tracer

Using a call to guitracer/0, hooks are installed that replace the normal command-line

driven tracer with a graphical front-end.

• Register PceEmacs for editing ﬁles

From your initialisation ﬁle. you can load emacs/swi prolog that cause edit/1 to use

the built-in PceEmacs editor.

1.6.14 Version 5.0 Release Notes

Version 5.0 marks a breakpoint in the philosophy, where SWI-Prolog moves from a dual

GPL/proprietary to a uniform LGPL (Lesser GNU Public Licence) schema, providing a widely usable

Free Source Prolog implementation.

On the technical site the development environment, consisting of source-level debugger, integrated

editor and various analysis and navigation tools progress steadily towards a mature set of tools.

Many portability issues have been improved, including a port to MacOS X (Darwin).

For details, please visit the new website at http://www.swi-prolog.org

1.6.15 Version 5.1 Release Notes

Version 5.1 is a beta-serie introducing portable multi-threading. See chapter 8. In addition it intro-

duces many new facilities to support server applications, such as the new rlimit library to limit

system resources and the possibility to set timeouts on input streams.

1.6.16 Version 5.2 Release Notes

Version 5.2 consolidates the 5.1.x beta series that introduced threading and many related modiﬁcations

to the kernel.

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

1.7. DONATE TO THE SWI-PROLOG PROJECT 19

1.6.17 Version 5.3 Release Notes

Version 5.3.x is a development series for adding coroutining, constraints, global variables, cyclic terms

(inﬁnite trees) and other goodies to the kernel. The package JPL, providing a bidirectional Java/Prolog

interface is added to the common source-tree and common binary packages.

1.6.18 Version 5.4 Release Notes

Version 5.4 consolidates the 5.3.x beta series.

1.6.19 Version 5.5 Release Notes

Version 5.5.x provides support for wide characters with UTF-8 and UNICODE I/O (section 2.17.1).

On both 32 and 64-bit hardware Prolog integers are now at minimum 64-bit integers. If available,

SWI-Prolog arithmetic uses the GNU GMP library to provided unbounded integer arithmetic as well

as rational arithmetic. Adding GMP support is sponsored by Scientiﬁc Software and Systems Limited,

www.sss.co.nz. This version also incorporates clp(r) by Christian Holzbaur, brought to SWI-

Prolog by Tom Schrijvers and Leslie De Koninck (section A.8).

1.6.20 Version 5.6 Release Notes

Version 5.6 consolidates the 5.5.x beta series.

1.7 Donate to the SWI-Prolog project

If you are happy with SWI-Prolog, you care it to be around for much longer while it becomes faster,

more stable and with more features you should consider to donate to the SWI-Prolog foundation.

Please visit the page below.

http://www.swi-prolog.org/donate.html

1.8 Acknowledgements

Some small parts of the Prolog code of SWI-Prolog are modiﬁed versions of the corresponding Edin-

burgh C-Prolog code: grammar rule compilation and writef/2. Also some of the C-code originates

from C-Prolog: ﬁnding the path of the currently running executable and some of the code underlying

absolute file name/2. Ideas on programming style and techniques originate from C-Prolog

and Richard O’Keefe’s thief editor. An important source of inspiration are the programming tech-

niques introduced by Anjo Anjewierden in PCE version 1 and 2.

I also would like to thank those who had the fade of using the early versions of this system, sug-

gested extensions or reported bugs. Among them are Anjo Anjewierden, Huub Knops, Bob Wielinga,

Wouter Jansweijer, Luc Peerdeman, Eric Nombden, Frank van Harmelen, Bert Rengel.

Martin Jansche (jansche@novell1.gs.uni-heidelberg.de) has been so kind to reor-

ganise the sources for version 2.1.3 of this manual.

Horst von Brand has been so kind to ﬁx many typos in the 2.7.14 manual. Thanks!

Bart Demoen and Tom Schrijvers have helped me adding coroutining, constraints, global variables

and support for cyclic terms to the kernel. Tom has provided the integer interval constraint solver, the

CHR compiler and some of the coroutining predicates.

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

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