XEN系统管理员实用指南

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"The Book of XEN.pdf" 是一本专为系统管理员编写的实践指南，由 Chris Takemura 和 Luke S. Crawford 合著。该书深入探讨了 Xen 虚拟化技术，这在当时的 IT 行业中是一项重要的技术革新。作为一本英文清晰版教材，它提供了详尽的指导，帮助读者理解和管理 Xen 环境，从而优化系统的性能、安全性和资源利用。书中涵盖了Xen 虚拟化的核心概念，如 Xen 架构、容器化与宿主机管理、虚拟机的创建和配置、内存管理、网络虚拟化、安全性以及高级特性，如动态资源调度和高可用性解决方案。对于那些负责大型数据中心或云计算环境的管理员而言，掌握 Xen 技术是提升效率和灵活性的关键。版权方面，这本书受到严格的保护，未经许可，任何形式的复制或传播，无论是电子还是机械方式，包括复印、录音，以及通过任何信息存储和检索系统，都必须得到版权所有者和出版商的书面许可。本书的国际标准书号(ISBN)分别为1-59327-186-7和978-1-59327-186-2，便于读者识别和购买。出版社 No Starch Press, Inc. 在生产编辑、封面和内页设计、开发编辑、技术审阅、校对等各个环节都倾注了心血，确保了这本书的专业品质。从印刷细节到索引制作，无不体现作者和出版团队对内容的严谨态度。《The Book of XEN》是一本实用的参考书，不仅适合希望深入了解 Xen 技术的系统管理员，也适合 IT 领域的专业人士和学生，是他们探索虚拟化世界，提升技能库的重要资源。随着虚拟化技术的不断发展，这本书的价值依然会被广泛认可和传承。

xiv Contents in Detail

TROUBLESHOOTING 219

Troubleshooting Phase 1: Error Messages ............................................................... 220

Errors at Dom0 Boot ................................................................................ 220

DomU Preboot Errors ............................................................................... 222

Creating Domains in Low-Memory Conditions ............................................. 222

Configuring Devices in the DomU .............................................................. 223

Troubleshooting Disks .............................................................................. 223

VM Restarting Too Fast ............................................................................ 224

Troubleshooting Xen’s Networking ......................................................................... 225

The DomU Interface Number Increments with Every Reboot .......................... 227

iptables .................................................................................................. 227

Memory Issues ..................................................................................................... 228

Other Messages ................................................................................................... 228

A Constant Stream of 4GiB seg fixup Messages .......................................... 230

The Importance of Disk Drivers (initrd Problems) .......................................... 230

XenStore ................................................................................................ 231

Xen’s Logs ........................................................................................................... 232

dmesg and xm dmesg .............................................................................. 232

Logs and What Xen Writes to Them ........................................................... 232

Applying the Debugger ......................................................................................... 234

Xen’s Backend Architecture: Making Sense of the Debug Information ............ 234

Domain Stays in Blocked State .................................................................. 235

Debugging Hotplug ................................................................................. 236

strace .................................................................................................... 237

Python Path Issues ................................................................................................ 238

Mysterious Lockups .................................................................................. 238

Kernel Parameters: A Safe Mode .............................................................. 239

Getting Help ........................................................................................................ 239

Mailing Lists ........................................................................................... 239

The Xen Wiki .......................................................................................... 240

The Xen IRC Channel ............................................................................... 240

Bugzilla ................................................................................................. 240

Your Distro Vendor .................................................................................. 240

xen-bugtool ............................................................................................ 240

Some Last Words of Encouragement ....................................................................... 241

XM REFERENCE 243

xm’s Syntax ......................................................................................................... 244

xm Subcommands ................................................................................................ 244

THE STRUCTURE OF THE XEN CONFIG FILE 251

List of Directives ................................................................................................... 253

HVM Directives ....................................................................................... 258

Device Model Options ............................................................................. 260

INDEX 263

xvi Foreword

Whenever I do need separation of privilege on the same physical servers,

I’ve been able to get away with FreeBSD jails or User Mode Linux. I also do

a fair amount of real-time work, in which I need my code to be close to the

hardware for design—and sometimes performance—reasons.

For professional work, my company uses a mixture of proprietary

(VMware) and open source (Xen) virtualization and the results are out-

standing. Whether it’s to save money on hardware, save money on sysadmin

time, or enable new kinds of computing, virtualization is a winner and it’s

here to stay. I’ve seen Amazon and Google build gigantic clouds of virtualized

servers for their own use and for rental to customers, and this method has

driven down IT costs for both new and established companies of all sizes. It

probably saves power and lowers the industry’s carbon footprint as well.

I’m struggling to find a way to communicate how amazingly cool this is.

We try to write programs that fit into a single process, but they end up taking

a whole Unix system because of all the processes and databases and shell

scripts and file systems and UIDs they slop over. So we end up dedicating

physical servers to applications that have no performance- or security-related

reason to be on dedicated servers; but each one takes up some rack space

and some sysadmin time, and each one generates some minimum amount of

heat, and so on. Then along comes virtualization, and we’re back to adding

physical servers only when we’ve got a good reason to do so, which usually

means for capacity reasons.

Note that while I admire cloud computing, I also fear it. Amazon and

Google have their own virtualization APIs, and anyone who builds “version 1”

of a system to live inside one of these commercial clouds is probably signing

up to put “version 2” into the same cloud. Competition requires differentia-

tion and most vendors want to be different in capability, not just in cost

efficiency. In other words, lock-in is great for sellers but not so great for

buyers. Thus my attraction to enterprise virtualization—and specifically to

open source enterprise virtualization, with the resulting vertically open

ecosystem. I’ll build my own clouds whenever I need them—and with Xen,

so can you.

A word about Luke. He was a kid who lived down the street from my

sister, and she asked me to give him a chance. So I hired him at an anti-spam

company called MAPS (yes, that’s spam spelled backwards, pretty neat,

huh?), and he turned out to be a dumbass kid, like we all were at that age.

In the time since then, he has distinguished himself as a virtualizer and now,

with this book, as a writer. Xen is cool stuff, but it’s also deep and wide and

dense—that is to say, it’s a hard topic. Luke and Chris have unscrambled Xen

into the linear form of a printed book in about the best way I can imagine

anybody doing it, and I learned quite a bit about Xen from reading my

advance copy. The book is also fun to read without the fun being distracting

or dilutive.

Go forth and virtualize!

Paul Vixie

La Honda, California

September 2009

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