双输出Mach-Zehnder调制与平衡光电探测实现光子量化新法

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本文主要探讨了一种新颖的光子量化方法，利用双输出Mach-Zehnder调制器（Dual-output Mach-Zehnder Modulators, DOMZMs）和平衡光电探测器（Balanced Photodetectors, BPDs）。该技术发表在《光学通信》(Optics Communications)期刊上，2019年第446期，72-76页，可以在ScienceDirect上获取全文列表。文章的核心内容是针对光子模拟到数字转换（Photonics Analog-to-Digital Conversion, ADC）的需求，提出了一种创新的设计策略。DOMZMs通过采用相位移技术，确保所有调制器具有相同的半波电压，但它们的工作电压不同。这一设计的关键在于，通过使用BPDs和互补输出的DOMZMs，可以将比较器的阈值电压保持在零，从而有效地消除了功率波动对量化过程的影响。传统的光子量化方法可能会受到噪声和不稳定性的影响，而这种方法通过优化系统架构，能够实现更精确和稳定的量化性能。BPDs的使用使得信号处理更为准确，因为它们能够同时接收两个输入信号并提供相位差信息，这在光量子化中是非常关键的，因为它允许实时且高效地捕获和解析微弱的光信号变化。此外，文中还提到了光子采样（Photonics Sampling）的概念，这是量子信息技术中的一个重要环节，通过精确的时间间隔来捕捉和处理光信号，这对于诸如量子通信、量子计算和量子信息处理等领域有着重要意义。这篇研究论文提供了一种创新的解决方案，利用DOMZMs和BPDs实现了高效、精确的光子量化，这对于提高光电子设备的性能，尤其是那些对光信号处理有高精度要求的应用，如量子通信中的编码和解码，具有潜在的实际应用价值。未来的研究可能围绕着进一步优化这个系统、降低噪声性能以及探索更多元化的光量子化应用场景展开。

Optics Communications 446 (2019) 72–76

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optics Communications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Photonic quantization using dual-output Mach–Zehnder modulators and

balanced photodetectors

Hongxia He

, Shuna Yang

, Tao Jin

, Hao Chi

∗

College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China

A R T I C L E I N F O

Keywords:

Photonic analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)

Dual-output Mach–Zehnder modulators

(DOMZMs)

Balanced detection

Photonic sampling

A B S T R A C T

A novel approach for photonic quantization using dual-output Mach–Zehnder modulators (DOMZMs) and

balanced photodetectors (BPDs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Based on the phase-shifting

technique, all DOMZMs used in the scheme have identical half-wave voltages but are biased at different

voltages. Due to the use of BPDs and DOMZMs with complementary outputs, the threshold voltages of

comparators can be kept at zero, which eliminates the influence of power fluctuation of the input sampling

pulses and improves the effective number of bits (ENOB) of the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) system.

After the comparators, a digital Gray code that represents the analog signal to be digitized is obtained. Proof-

of-concept experiments with 8 and 16 quantization levels are implemented to verify the feasibility of the

proposed approach. Bit resolution, ENOB degradation induced by bias voltage errors and potential for photonic

integration are also discussed.

1. Introduction

High-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have a wide range

of applications in modern wireless and optical communications, ad-

vanced radars, real-time measurements, as well as other scenarios with

the requirement of wideband signal acquisition. However, the develop-

ment of electronic ADC is hindered by inherent bandwidth limitation

of electronic components and timing jitter of sampling clock [1]. Due

to the high bandwidth offered by photonic components, realizing ADCs

with photonic technologies has attracted much research interest in the

past decades. Moreover, mode-locked lasers with high repetition rate

and low timing jitter are considered as excellent sampling sources that

could improve the performance of ADC systems [2]. Typical schemes

of photonics-assisted ADCs include the photonic quantization using

electro-optic modulators [3–11], the photonic time stretch for slowing

down an ultrafast signal prior to electronic digitization [12–17], the

photonic quantization based on amplitude-to-frequency conversion in-

duced by optical nonlinearities [18–21], as well as the optical sampling

using high-speed optical pulse train as sampling source [22–25]. An

ADC based on the technique of photonic time stretch, with an effective

number of bits (ENOB) of 8.27 bits and a bandwidth of 10 GHz, was

demonstrated in [14], despite that some issues, such as dispersion

penalty, nonlinear distortion and continuous-time operation, need to

be solved before its practical applications [15–17]. For the photonic

ADCs based on amplitude-to-frequency conversion, a recent report

demonstrated an ultra-high sampling rate of 40 GS/s and an ENOB

∗

Corresponding author.

E-mail address: chihao@hdu.edu.cn (H. Chi).

of 3.79 bits [18]. More recently, it was pointed out that the time–

frequency uncertainty principle puts a fundamental limit on this type

of ADCs in [21]. Benefit from the ultra-low timing jitter of mode-

locked lasers, the technique of optical sampling shows high potential

for realizing ADCs with ultra-high sampling rate. In [24], an ADC

based on optical sampling with a correction algorithm for compensating

mismatch among multiple channels was demonstrated, which realizes

a sampling rate of 40 GS/s, an ENOB of 7.5 bits, and a bandwidth of

12.1 GHz. In [25], a 4-channel time–wavelength pulse interleaver, as an

important component of high-speed wavelength-interleaved photonic

ADCs, was implemented on a silicon photonic chip, which can be used

to realize photonic ADCs with a sampling rate of 4 GS/s.

In 1975, Taylor proposed a photonic quantization approach based

on Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) array [3]. To achieve the correct

quantization and coding, the half-wave voltage (𝑉

𝜋

) of each MZM

should be half as that of its nearest more significant bit. However, it is

difficult to fabricate such an MZM array even with the state-of-the-art

photonic integration technology when four or more MZMs are needed.

To overcome the difficulty relating to the geometrically scaled half-

wave voltage, some alternative solutions have been proposed [4–10].

A scheme using cascaded MZMs with identical 𝑉

𝜋

was presented by

Jalali and Xie in [4]. A similar scheme that uses cascaded phase mod-

ulators (PMs) was proposed by Currie, where the employed PMs have

identical 𝑉

𝜋

and support orthogonal polarization modes [5]. Though

the cascading of MZMs or PMs is able to realize equivalent scaling 𝑉

𝜋

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.04.069

Received 7 March 2019; Received in revised form 19 April 2019; Accepted 23 April 2019

Available online 26 April 2019

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