C#语言参考：早期版本0.17b，微软授权

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C# Language Reference 是一份由微软公司于1999年至2000年期间编写的官方文档，它详细介绍了C#编程语言的关键特性和用法。该文档的作者包括Anders Hejlsberg和Scott Wiltamuth，两位在软件开发领域的知名专家。文档的最新版本为0.17b，表明它可能处于早期发布阶段，可能会在最终商业发布前进行重大修改。文档旨在提供关于C#语言的信息，供开发者参考和学习。然而，作为预发布版本，用户必须注意，其中的信息可能会未经通知就发生变化。用户在使用这份文档时应承担全部风险，并确保遵守所有适用的版权法律。根据版权协议，未经Microsoft Corporation的明确许可，不得以任何形式复制、存储、引入到检索系统或通过任何方式（如电子、机械、影印、录音或其它方式）传输文档内容，除非是为了个人学习或非商业目的。 C#语言本身是Microsoft.NET框架的核心组成部分，它是一种面向对象的、类型安全的、强大的现代化编程语言，结合了C++的效率和Java的简洁性。C#支持多种编程范式，包括面向对象、泛型编程和事件驱动编程。其特点包括垃圾回收机制、强类型系统、可空引用类型以及对.NET框架的强大集成，使得C#成为Windows开发、Web应用、游戏开发等众多领域中的首选语言。该语言参考文档详细解释了C#的关键特性，如类和对象、接口、构造函数、属性、方法、异常处理、集合类、LINQ查询以及异步编程。此外，还涵盖了命名空间、元数据、访问修饰符等基础概念，以及高级主题，如泛型、委托和事件。文档还包括示例代码和最佳实践，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握C#语言的使用。 C# Language Reference 是开发人员必备的参考资料，它提供了深入理解C#语法、设计模式以及如何高效利用其功能的全面指南。尽管是早期版本，但其内容对于任何希望深入学习C#的开发者来说，都是极其有价值的学习资料。

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C# LANGUAGE REFERENCE

shows an unsafe method named WriteLocations that fixes an array instance and uses pointer

manipulation to iterate over the elements and write out the index, value, and location of each. One possible

output of the program is:

arr[0] at 0x8E0360 is 1

arr[1] at 0x8E0361 is 2

arr[2] at 0x8E0362 is 3

arr[3] at 0x8E0363 is 4

arr[4] at 0x8E0364 is 5

but of course the exact memory locations are subject to change.

1.3 Types

C# supports two major kinds of types: value types and reference types. Value types include simple types

(e.g., char, int, and float), enum types, and struct types. Reference types include class types, interface

types, delegate types, and array types.

Value types differ from reference types in that variables of the value types directly contain their data,

whereas variables of the reference types store references to objects. With reference types, it is possible for

two variables to reference the same object, and thus possible for operations on one variable to affect the

object referenced by the other variable. With value types, the variables each have their own copy of the data,

and it is not possible for operations on one to affect the other.

The example

using System;

class Class1

{

public int Value = 0;

}

class Test

{

static void Main() {

int val1 = 0;

int val2 = val1;

val2 = 123;

Class1 ref1 = new Class1();

Class1 ref2 = ref1;

ref2.Value = 123;

Console.WriteLine("Values: {0}, {1}", val1, val2);

Console.WriteLine("Refs: {0}, {1}", ref1.Value, ref2.Value);

}

shows this difference. The output of the program is

Values: 0, 123

Refs: 123, 123

The assignment to the local variable val1 does not impact the local variable val2 because both local

variables are of a value type (int) and each local variable of a value type has its own storage. In contrast,

the assignment ref2.Value = 123; affects the object that both ref1 and ref2 reference.

Developers can define new value types through enum and struct declarations, and can define new reference

types via class, interface, and delegate declarations. The example

using System;

C# LANGUAGE REFERENCE

The char type is used to represent Unicode characters. A variable of type char represents a single 16-bit

Unicode character.

The decimal type is appropriate for calculations in which rounding errors are unacceptable. Common

examples include financial calculations such as tax computations and currency conversions. The decimal

type provides 28 significant digits.

The table below lists each of the predefined types, and provides examples of each.

Type

Description Examples

obje

The ultimate base type of all other types

object o = new

Stack();

stri

String type; a string is a sequence of Unicode

characters

string s = "Hello";

sbyt

8-bit signed integral type

sbyte val = 12;

shor

16-bit signed integral type

short val = 12;

int

32-bit signed integral type

int val = 12;

long

64-bit signed integral type

long val1 = 12;

long val2 = 34L;

byte

8-bit unsigned integral type

byte val1 = 12;

byte val2 = 34U;

usho

16-bit unsigned integral type

ushort val1 = 12;

ushort val2 = 34U;

uint

32-bit unsigned integral type

uint val1 = 12;

uint val2 = 34U;

ulon

64-bit unsigned integral type

ulong val1 = 12;

ulong val2 = 34U;

ulong val3 = 56L;

ulong val4 = 78UL;

floa

Single-precision floating point type

float value =

1.23F;

doub

Double-precision floating point type

double val1 = 1.23

double val2 =

4.56D;

bool

Boolean type; a bool value is either true or false

bool value = true;

char

Character type; a char value is a Unicode

character

char value = 'h';

deci

mal

Precise decimal type with 28 significant digits

decimal value =

1.23M;

Each of the predefined types is shorthand for a system-provided type. For example, the keyword int is

shorthand for a struct named System.Int32. The two names can be used interchangeably, though it is

considered good style to use the keyword rather than the complete system type name.

Predefined value types such as int are treated specially in a few ways but are for the most part treated

exactly like other structs. The special treatment that these types receive includes literal support and efficient

code generation. C#’s operator overloading feature enables developers to define types that behave like the

C# LANGUAGE REFERENCE

class Test

{

static void Main() {

int[] a1; // single-dimensional array of int

int[,] a2; // 2-dimensional array of int

int[,,] a3; // 3-dimensional array of int

int[][] j2; // "jagged" array: array of (array of int)

int[][][] j3; // array of (array of (array of int))

}

shows a variety of local variable declarations that use array types with int as the element type.

Arrays are reference types, and so the declaration of an array variable merely sets aside space for the

reference to the array. Array instances are actually created via array initializers and array creation

expressions. The example

class Test

{

static void Main() {

int[] a1 = new int[] {1, 2, 3};

int[,] a2 = new int[,] {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};

int[,,] a3 = new int[10, 20, 30];

int[][] j2 = new int[3][];

j2[0] = new int[] {1, 2, 3};

j2[1] = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

j2[2] = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};

}

shows a variety of array creation expressions. The variables a1, a2 and a3 denote rectangular arrays, and

the variable j2 denotes a jagged array. It should be no surprise that these terms are based on the shapes of

the arrays. Rectangular arrays always have a rectangular shape. Given the length of each dimension of the

array, its rectangular shape is clear. For example, the length of a3’s three dimensions are 10, 20, and 30

respectively, and it is easy to see that this array contains 10*20*30 elements.

In contrast, the variable j2 denotes a “jagged” array, or an “array of arrays”. Specifically, j2 denotes an

array of an array of int, or a single-dimensional array of type int[]. Each of these int[] variables can

be initialized individually, and this allows the array to take on a jagged shape. The example gives each of

the int[] arrays a different length. Specifically, the length of j2[0] is 3, the length of j2[1] is 6, and

the length of j2[2] is 9.

It is important to note that the element type and number of dimensions are part of an array’s type, but that

the length of each dimension is not part of the array’s type. This split is made clear in the language syntax,

as the length of each dimension is specified in the array creation expression rather than in the array type.

For instance the declaration

int[,,] a3 = new int[10, 20, 30];

has an array type of int[,,] and an array creation expression of new int[10, 20, 30].

For local variable and field declarations, a shorthand form is permitted so that it is not necessary to re-state

the array type. For instance, the example

int[] a1 = new int[] {1, 2, 3};

can be shortened to

int[] a1 = {1, 2, 3};

without any change in program semantics.

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C#语言参考：早期版本0.17b，微软授权

C# Language Reference(C#语言参考）

C# Language Reference.doc

C＃语言参考（C# Language Reference）作者Anders Hejlsberg and Scott Wiltamuth

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