网络嵌入与图神经网络:节点表示学习与应用

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“网络嵌入讲座幻灯片” 网络表示学习是一种在复杂网络数据上应用机器学习的方法,旨在从非结构化的网络数据中提取有意义的、低维的特征表示。这一领域融合了图学习、人工智能、机器学习和深度学习等多个领域的理论和技术。 1) 节点嵌入(Node Embeddings): 节点嵌入是将网络中的每个节点映射到低维向量空间的过程,目的是捕捉节点之间的关系和结构信息。通过这种方法,可以将原本高维且难以处理的网络数据转化为易于分析的形式。例如,节点分类任务中,我们可以通过节点嵌入来预测一个节点所属的类别,这在社交网络分析、推荐系统等领域有广泛应用。 2) 图神经网络(Graph Neural Networks, GNNs): 图神经网络是专门针对图结构数据设计的深度学习架构。GNNs能够以一种层次化的方式处理节点、边和整个图的特征,通过信息的传递和聚合过程,使得网络中的每个节点或边能够学习到其邻居的信息。这种技术在化学分子结构分析、蛋白质相互作用预测、社交网络分析等场景中有着广泛的应用。 3) 应用场景: - 节点分类:根据网络中的节点特征,预测节点的属性或类型,如用户兴趣分类、社区检测中的节点角色识别。 - 链接预测:基于现有节点间的连接情况,预测未知节点之间是否存在链接,常用于社交网络中的好友推荐。 - 社区检测:寻找网络中的紧密连接子群,有助于理解网络的结构和功能。 - 网络相似性:计算两个或多个子网络的相似性,帮助识别网络模式或异常。 传统机器学习方法通常依赖于人工特征工程,而网络表示学习的目标是自动学习任务独立的特征,减轻了特征工程的工作负担。例如,Zachary’s Karate Club Network 是一个经典的社会网络案例,传统的机器学习方法可能难以有效地应用于这种非结构化的数据。而现代的深度学习工具,如卷积神经网络(CNNs)适用于固定大小的图像,循环神经网络(RNNs)或word2vec适合处理文本数据,但它们并不直接适用于图数据。因此,发展能够适应图结构的模型,如图神经网络,变得至关重要。 在网络表示学习中,通过学习算法,模型可以从原始数据中自动提取特征,形成节点的向量表示,这些表示能够捕捉网络的拓扑结构和节点间的互动信息。这样,我们可以在各种下游预测任务中使用这些学习到的特征,提高预测的准确性和效率。网络表示学习不仅简化了数据处理,也为复杂网络的深入理解和挖掘提供了强大的工具。
2018-08-25 上传
网络化系统讲义,作者是IEEE控制系统分会的主席。Francesco Bullo is a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He received the Laurea degree “summa cum laude” in Electrical Engineering from the University of Padova, Italy, in 1994, and the Ph.D. degree in Control and Dynamical Systems from the California Institute of Technology in 1999. From 1998 to 2004, he was an Assistant Professor with the Coordinated Science Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Since 2004 he has been at University of California, Santa Barbara; he is currently affiliated with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Department of Computer Science, and the Center for Control, Dynamical Systems and Computation. Professor Bullos’ research focuses on modeling, dynamics and control of multi-agent network systems, with applications to robotic coordination, power systems, distributed computing and social networks. Previous work includes contributions to geometric control, Lagrangian systems, vehicle routing, and motion planning. Professor Bullo has published more than 270 papers in international journals, books, and refereed conferences. He is the coauthor, with Andrew D. Lewis, of the book “Geometric Control of Mechanical Systems” (Springer, 2004, 0-387-22195-6), with Jorge Cortés and Sonia Martínez, of the book “Distributed Control of Robotic Networks” (Princeton, 2009, 978-0-691-14195-4), and with Stephen L. Smith of the book “Lectures on Robotics Planning and Kinematics” (SIAM, 2016, under review); his “Lectures on Network Systems” (CreateSpace, 2018, 978-1986425643) is available on his website. Professor Bullo is a Fellow of IEEE and IFAC. He is currently a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Control Systems Society. He received the 2018 Distinguished Scientist Award by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His articles received the 2008 CSM Outstanding Paper Award from IEEE CSS, the 2011 Hugo Schuck Best Paper Award from AACC, the 2013 SIAG/CST Best Paper Prize from SIAM, the 2014 Automatica Best Paper Prize from IFAC, the 2016 Guillemin-Cauer Best Paper Award from IEEE CAS, and the 2016 TCNS Outstanding Paper Award from IEEE CSS. Professor Bullo served as advisor or co-advisor of 22 graduated PhD students. He received the 2015 UCSB Outstanding Graduate Mentor Award and the 2004 UIUC COE Outstanding Advisor Award. His students’ papers were finalists for the Best Student Paper Award at the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (2002, 2005, 2007), and the American Control Conference (2005, 2006, 2010). Professor Bullo has served, for the IEEE Control Systems Society, as 2011-2012 Vice-President for Technical Activities, as 2013-2014 Vice-President for Publications, as 2007-2009 Elected Member of the Board of Governors and as Program Chair for the 2016 IEEE Conference in Decision and Control. He will serve as President Elect / President / President Past of the IEEE Control Systems Society during the triennium 2017–2019. Additionally, he served on the Editorial Boards of “IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,” “ESAIM: Control, Optimization, and the Calculus of Variations,” “SIAM Journal of Control and Optimization,” and “Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems”. From July 2013 to June 2017, Professor Bullo served as Mechanical Engineering Department Chair at UCSB. In this role he had responsibilities over academic personnel matters, educational programs, facilities management, governance, finances, and communication/development.