掌握OpenStack：管理员认证学习指南

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"Certified OpenStack Administrator Study Guide" 是一本专为准备认证OpenStack管理员考试的指南，由Andrey Markelov撰写。本书涵盖了OpenStack基金会和Mirantis OpenStack认证考试的所有考试要求，旨在帮助IT专业人员提升在快速增长的OpenStack技术领域的技能和资质。在本书中，读者将学习到： 1. 了解构成云的不同组件，理解云基础设施的基础。 2. 学习如何安装和配置来自Mirantis、Red Hat或其他社区版本的OpenStack发行版。 3. 掌握OpenStack身份管理，包括Keystone服务，以及如何通过命令行和图形客户端（Horizon）进行操作。 4. 图像管理，涉及Glance服务，学习如何上传、管理及检索虚拟机镜像。 5. OpenStack网络，包括Neutron服务，了解网络配置、安全组和浮动IP等概念。 6. OpenStack计算服务Nova，学习如何创建、管理和调度虚拟机实例。 7. 使用OpenStack Dashboard（Horizon），理解其功能和交互方式。 8. 对象存储服务Swift，学习如何存储和检索非结构化数据。 9. 块存储服务Cinder，涉及如何提供持久化的块设备给虚拟机实例。 10. OpenStack编排服务Heat，用于创建和管理多组件的云环境。 11. 故障排查技巧，学习如何诊断和解决OpenStack服务中的常见问题。 12. 最后，书中还提供了未来与OpenStack工作相关的信息资源。本书的目标读者是希望深入理解OpenStack IaaS云并希望通过认证考试证明自己技能的云和Linux工程师。书中的每一章都包含实践练习、命令行指导、图形客户端操作，并附有复习问题和答案，即使在考试后，这本书仍是一本有价值的参考书。目录包括： 1. 认识OpenStack 2. 创建自己的虚拟测试环境 3. 身份管理 4. 图像管理 5. OpenStack网络 6. OpenStack计算 7. OpenStack Dashboard 8. OpenStack对象存储 9. 块存储 10. OpenStack编排 11. 故障排查 12. 结论 "Certified OpenStack Administrator Study Guide" 是一个全面的学习资源，为准备OpenStack管理员认证考试的人提供了一条清晰的学习路径，同时也为已经在工作中使用OpenStack的工程师提供了宝贵的实践指导。

■ INTRODUCTION

xix

Other OpenStack Certifications

Although I have the other two OpenStack certificates, there will not be any discussion of other vendors’

OpenStack exams in this book. This book may help for their preparation, but it does not contain any specific

information other than for the COA exam. Exam objectives can be different. The comparison in Table

I-2 is

purely for information purposes only. It is accurate at the time of writing but is always subject to change.

Table I-2. Comparison of OpenStack Certifications

Vendor COA Mirantis Red Hat

Certification name Certified OpenStack

Administrator

Mirantis Certified

Administrator for

OpenStack

Red Hat Certified

System Administrator

in Red Hat OpenStack

Exam availability Worldwide (through Internet

connection)

Restricted (vendor

and partners

facility)

Restricted (vendor

and partners facility)

Performance-based Yes Yes (MCA200) Yes

Vendor neutral Yes Yes No

Free retake per purchase One No No

Certification validity 3 years -- 3 years

Passing score 78% -- 210 out of 300

Exam price $300 $600 $600

Source of information

https://www.openstack.org/coa/ https://training.

mirantis.com/

certification

https://www.

redhat.com/

en/services/

certification

CHAPTER 1 ■ GETTING TO KNOW OPENSTACK

The service models shown in Figure 1-1 are defined by five essential characteristics, three service

models, and four deployment models. It includes self-service, general access to the network, a common set

of resources, flexibility, and calculation of use. Service models differ by the level of customer control of the

provided infrastructure and include:

• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) : In this case, the user gets control over all levels

of the software stack above the cloud platform—virtual machines, networks, space

volume at data storage system—given to the user. The user is an administrator of

the operation system and all the work above it to the applications. OpenStack is an

example of IaaS.

• Platform as a service (PaaS ): The cloud of this model can exist “inside” the cloud

of the IaaS model. In this case, the user gets control on the level of the platform

applications built, for example, applications server, libraries, programming

environment, and database. The user does not control and does not administer

virtual machines and operational systems deployed on them, data storage systems,

and networks. Ericsson Apcea and Red Hat OpenShift would be examples of PaaS.

• Software as a service (SaaS) : In this case, the user level of control is for only the

application itself. The user would be unaware of what the virtual machine or the

operational system is and would only work with the application. Examples of such

products are Google Docs or Microsoft Office 365.

Four deployment models of the cloud platform implementations include:

• Private cloud : All the infrastructure is deployed in the data center and defined as a

division of one company or a group of companies.

• Public cloud : Any company or even a person can be a customer of cloud services.

This is the integration model the cloud service providers use.

• Community cloud : This is the model used when a community of companies with

common tasks is the customer (common tasks can be missions, safety requirements,

policies, or compliance with different requirements).

• Hybrid cloud : This is the combination of two or three of the clouds listed above,

where various loads can be located at a private, public, or community cloud.

OpenStack can be a foundation for Clouds of all four deployment models.

Understanding the Components That Make Up the Cloud

OpenStack project, which is also called a cloud operational system, consists of a number of different projects

developing separate subsystems (see Figure

1-2 ). Any OpenStack installation can include only a part of

them. Some subsystems can even be used separately or as part of any other OpenSource project. Their

number is increasing from version to version of OpenStack project, both through the appearance of new

ones and the functionality split of the existing ones. For example, nova-volume service was extracted as a

separate Cinder project.

Each project has its own documented set of Representational State Transfer Application Program

Interfaces (REST APIs), command raw utilities, and “native” Python interfaces, providing a set of functions

that are similar to the command raw utilities.

CHAPTER 1 ■ GETTING TO KNOW OPENSTACK

you should see two kernel modules loaded in the memory. The kvm is the module independent of the

vendor, and the kvm_intel or kvm_amd executes VT-x or AMD-V functionality, respectively. Pay attention to

the fact that virtualization hardware support could be disabled in the basic input/output system (BIOS) by

default.

The next service, OpenStack Networking (Neutron), is responsible for network connectivity. Users

themselves can create virtual networks and routers as well as set up Internet provider (IP) addresses. One

of the mechanisms provided by Neutron is called “floating IP.” Thanks to this mechanism, virtual machines

can get externally fixed IP addresses. Such functionality has a network capability balancer as a service, a

firewall as a service, and virtual private network (VPN) as a service can be obtained through the mechanism

of connecting modules.

OpenStack Keystone identification service is a centralized catalog of users and services that they have

access to. Keystone performs as a united authentication system of the cloud operating system. Keystone

checks the validity of users’ accounts and the accordance of users to the OpenStack projects and roles.

And if it’s compliant, it gives the token for access to other services. Keystone runs a services’ catalog/

directory as well.

OpenStack Image Service (Glance) runs the catalog of virtual machines’ images, which users can

use as templates to run instances of virtual machines in the cloud. This service also delivers the backup

functionality and snapshots creation. Glance supports many different formats, including vhd , vmdk , vdi , iso ,

qcow2 , and ami .

OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder) service manages block storage, which can be used by running

instances of virtual machines. This is permanent data storage for virtual machines. Snapshots can be used

for data saving and restoring or cloning. In most cases data storage based on GNU/Linux servers is used

together with Cinder. However, there are connecting modules for hardware storage.

OpenStack Object Storage (Swift) service is one of the two original projects that appeared in OpenStack

besides Nova. Originally it was called Rackspace Cloud Files. This service is an object storage, which

allows users to store files. Swift has distributed architecture, allowing horizontal scaling, redundancy, and

replication for failover purposes. Swift is oriented mostly to static data, such as virtual machines’ copies,

backup copies, and archives.

OpenStack Telemetry (Celiometer) service is a centralized information source based on cloud metrics

for monitoring data. This component delivers the billing ability for OpenStack.

OpenStack Orchestration (Heat) service has the main task of application life cycle provision in cloud

infrastructure. Using the template in AWS CloudFormation format, this service manages all other OpenStack

services, allowing the creation of most types of resources (virtual machines, volumes, floating IPs, users,

security groups, etc.). Heat can also make application scaling automatic by using data from the Ceilometer

service. Templates describe the relation between the resourses, which allows Heat service to make API

OpenStack calls in the right order, for example, first to create the server and then to connect volume to it.

Finally, OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon) service allows management of cloud resources through the

web console.

History of OpenStack Project

The cloud operational system OpenStack was established in June 2010 as a project that connected NASA’s

Nova virtual servers development system and US hosting-provider Rackspace’s Swift data storage system.

The first version, under the code name Austin, was released in October 2010.

The third service for Glance image storage had already appeared in the Bexar version in addition to

Nova and Swift. In the Essex version, Horizon management web-console and Keystone identification service

were added. There was the Folsom version of network service, which was originally named Quantum but

then renamed as that name was already a registered trademark, and then the Cinder cloud block storage

service. The Heat orchestration service and Celiometer service were added in the Havana version.

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