H.265编码标准（2015年）：高效视频编码的最新进展

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H.265，全称为High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)，是国际电信联盟（International Telecommunication Union, ITU）在2015年4月发布的多媒体处理领域的最新标准，代号为ITU-T H.265。作为继H.264之后的重要视频编码标准，H.265旨在提供更高的压缩效率，从而实现更高质量的视频传输和存储，同时保持较低的数据带宽需求。这个标准适用于基础设施中的音频和视频服务，特别是在移动视频编码方面。 H.265的核心特点是采用了先进的编码技术，如高效的空间冗余利用、帧内预测、纹理预测以及更强的并行处理能力。它引入了更精细的宏块分割和变换块尺寸选择，以及对高动态范围（HDR）和高分辨率视频的支持，这使得它能够更好地适应当前及未来高清和超高清视频的需求，包括4K、8K甚至更高分辨率的应用。在H.265之前的相关系列标准中，H.260至H.279关注的是编码的视觉电话系统特性，包括系统的基础设施、传输多路复用和同步、系统层面的考虑、通信程序以及编码的移动视频部分。而H.280至H.299则涉及音频和视频服务的系统与终端设备。H.300至H.349关注目录服务架构，H.350至H.359关注服务质量架构，H.360至H.369涵盖远程呈现，H.420至H.429提供多媒体补充服务，H.450至H.499则涉及移动性和协作的协议和流程。 H.265是多媒体处理领域的一项里程碑，它不仅提升了视频压缩效率，还为未来的高清晰度和沉浸式视频体验奠定了基础。对于任何从事视频编码、传输、存储或处理的行业来说，理解和掌握H.265标准都是至关重要的，因为它将直接影响到视频质量和网络资源的使用效率。随着技术的发展，H.265的后续更新和扩展可能还会进一步优化这些特性，以满足不断变化的市场需求。

xiv Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6-1 – Nominal vertical and horizontal locations of 4:2:0 luma and chroma samples in a picture .............. 22

Figure 6-2 – Nominal vertical and horizontal locations of 4:2:2 luma and chroma samples in a picture .............. 22

Figure 6-3 – Nominal vertical and horizontal locations of 4:4:4 luma and chroma samples in a picture .............. 23

Figure 6-4 – A picture with 11 by 9 luma coding tree blocks that is partitioned into two slices, the first of which is

partitioned into three slice segments (informative) ............................................................................... 24

Figure 6-5 – A picture with 11 by 9 luma coding tree blocks that is partitioned into two tiles and one slice (left) or

is partitioned into two tiles and three slices (right) (informative) ......................................................... 24

Figure 7-1 – Structure of an access unit not containing any NAL units with nal_unit_type equal to FD_NUT,

SUFFIX_SEI_NUT, VPS_NUT, SPS_NUT, PPS_NUT, RSV_VCL_N10, RSV_VCL_R11,

RSV_VCL_N12, RSV_VCL_R13, RSV_VCL_N14, RSV_VCL_R15, RSV_IRAP_VCL22 or

RSV_IRAP_VCL23, or in the range of RSV_VCL24..RSV_VCL31, RSV_NVCL41..RSV_NVCL47

or UNSPEC48..UNSPEC63 ................................................................................................................. 69

Figure 8-1 – Intra prediction mode directions (informative) ............................................................................... 118

Figure 8-2 – Intra prediction angle definition (informative) ................................................................................ 126

Figure 8-3 – Spatial motion vector neighbours (informative) ............................................................................. 142

Figure 8-4 – Integer samples (shaded blocks with upper-case letters) and fractional sample positions (un-shaded

blocks with lower-case letters) for quarter sample luma interpolation ............................................... 150

Figure 8-5 – Integer samples (shaded blocks with upper-case letters) and fractional sample positions (un-shaded

blocks with lower-case letters) for eighth sample chroma interpolation ............................................. 152

Figure 9-1 – Illustration of CABAC parsing process for a syntax element synEl (informative) ......................... 185

Figure 9-2 – Spatial neighbour T that is used to invoke the coding tree block availability derivation process relative

to the current coding tree block (informative) .................................................................................... 186

Figure 9-3 – Illustration of CABAC initialization process (informative) ............................................................ 187

Figure 9-4 – Illustration of CABAC storage process (informative) ..................................................................... 197

Figure 9-5 – Overview of the arithmetic decoding process for a single bin (informative) .................................. 213

Figure 9-6 – Flowchart for decoding a decision .................................................................................................. 214

Figure 9-7 – Flowchart of renormalization .......................................................................................................... 216

Figure 9-8 – Flowchart of bypass decoding process ............................................................................................ 217

Figure 9-9 – Flowchart of decoding a decision before termination ..................................................................... 218

Figure 9-10 – Flowchart for encoding a decision ................................................................................................ 220

Figure 9-11 – Flowchart of renormalization in the encoder ................................................................................ 221

Figure 9-12 – Flowchart of PutBit(B) .................................................................................................................. 221

Figure 9-13 – Flowchart of encoding bypass ....................................................................................................... 222

Figure 9-14 – Flowchart of encoding a decision before termination ................................................................... 223

Figure 9-15 – Flowchart of flushing at termination ............................................................................................. 223

Figure C.1 – Structure of byte streams and NAL unit streams for HRD conformance checks ............................ 244

Figure C.2 – HRD buffer model .......................................................................................................................... 247

Figure D.1 – Nominal vertical and horizontal sampling locations of 4:2:0 samples in top and bottom fields .... 284

Figure D.2 – Nominal vertical and horizontal sampling locations of 4:2:2 samples in top and bottom fields .... 285

Figure D.3 – Nominal vertical and horizontal sampling locations of 4:4:4 samples in top and bottom fields .... 285

Figure D.4 – Rearrangement and upconversion of side-by-side packing arrangement with

frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 3, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0 and ( x, y ) equal to

( 0, 0 ) or ( 4, 8 ) for both constituent frames ...................................................................................... 307

Figure D.5 – Rearrangement and upconversion of side-by-side packing arrangement with

frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 3, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0, ( x, y ) equal to

( 12, 8 ) for constituent frame 0 and ( x, y ) equal to ( 0, 0 ) or ( 4, 8 ) for constituent frame 1 .......... 308

Figure D.6 – Rearrangement and upconversion of top-bottom packing arrangement with

frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 4, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0 and ( x, y ) equal to

( 0, 0 ) or ( 8, 4 ) for both constituent frames ...................................................................................... 308

Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015) xv

Figure D.7 – Rearrangement and upconversion of top-bottom packing arrangement with

frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 4, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0, ( x, y ) equal to

( 8, 12 ) for constituent frame 0 and ( x, y ) equal to ( 0, 0 ) or ( 8, 4 ) for constituent frame 1 .......... 309

Figure D.8 – Rearrangement and upconversion of side-by-side packing arrangement with quincunx sampling

(frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 3 with quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 1) ................. 309

Figure D.9 – Rearrangement of a temporal interleaving frame arrangement (frame_packing_arrangement_type

equal to 5) ........................................................................................................................................... 310

Figure D.10 – Rearrangement of a segmented rectangular frame packing arrangement ..................................... 324

Figure D.11 – A knee function with num_knee_points_minus1 equal to 2 ......................................................... 337

Figure E.1 – Location of chroma samples for top and bottom fields for chroma_format_idc equal to 1 (4:2:0 chroma

format) as a function of chroma_sample_loc_type_top_field and

chroma_sample_loc_type_bottom_field ............................................................................................. 353

Figure F.1 – Bitstream-partition-specific HRD buffer model .............................................................................. 436

LIST OF FIGURES

Table 5-1 – Operation precedence from highest (at top of table) to lowest (at bottom of table) ........................... 18

Table 6-1 – SubWidthC and SubHeightC values derived from chroma_format_idc and separate_colour_plane_flag

.............................................................................................................................................................. 21

Table 7-1 – NAL unit type codes and NAL unit type classes ................................................................................ 63

Table 7-2 – Interpretation of pic_type ................................................................................................................... 83

Table 7-3 – Specification of sizeId ........................................................................................................................ 87

Table 7-4 – Specification of matrixId according to sizeId, prediction mode and colour component .................... 87

Table 7-5 – Specification of default values of ScalingList[ 0 ][ matrixId ][ i ] with i = 0..15 ............................... 87

Table 7-6 – Specification of default values of ScalingList[ 1..3 ][ matrixId ][ i ] with i = 0..63 ........................... 88

Table 7-7 – Name association to slice_type .......................................................................................................... 90

Table 7-8 – Specification of the SAO type ............................................................................................................ 98

Table 7-9 – Specification of the SAO edge offset class....................................................................................... 100

Table 7-10 – Name association to prediction mode and partitioning type ........................................................... 101

Table 7-11 – Name association to inter prediction mode .................................................................................... 102

Table 8-1 – Specification of intra prediction mode and associated names .......................................................... 118

Table 8-2 – Specification of modeIdx ................................................................................................................. 120

Table 8-3 – Specification of intraPredModeC when ChromaArrayType is equal to 2 ........................................ 120

Table 8-4 – Specification of intraHorVerDistThres[ nTbS ] for various transform block sizes .......................... 124

Table 8-5 – Specification of intraPredAngle ....................................................................................................... 126

Table 8-6 – Specification of invAngle ................................................................................................................. 126

Table 8-7 – Specification of l0CandIdx and l1CandIdx ...................................................................................... 139

Table 8-8 – Assignment of the luma prediction sample predSampleLX

............................................................ 151

Table 8-9 – Assignment of the chroma prediction sample predSampleLX

for ( X, Y ) being replaced by ( 1, b ),

( 2, c ), ( 3, d ), ( 4, e ), ( 5, f ), ( 6, g ) and ( 7, h ), respectively ......................................................... 153

Table 8-10 – Specification of Qp

as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1 .................................. 160

Table 8-11 – Name of association to edgeType ................................................................................................... 167

Table 8-12 – Derivation of threshold variables β′ and t

′ from input Q .............................................................. 175

Table 8-13 – Specification of hPos and vPos according to the sample adaptive offset class .............................. 182

Table 9-1 – Bit strings with "prefix" and "suffix" bits and assignment to codeNum ranges (informative) ......... 183

Table 9-2 – Exp-Golomb bit strings and codeNum in explicit form and used as ue(v) (informative) ................. 183

Table 9-3 – Assignment of syntax element to codeNum for signed Exp-Golomb coded syntax elements se(v) . 184

Table 9-4 – Association of ctxIdx and syntax elements for each initializationType in the initialization process 189

Table 9-5 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of sao_merge_left_flag and sao_merge_up_flag ............................. 190

xvi Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015)

Table 9-6 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of sao_type_idx_luma and sao_type_idx_chroma ........................... 190

Table 9-7 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of split_cu_flag ................................................................................ 190

Table 9-8 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_transquant_bypass_flag ......................................................... 190

Table 9-9 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_skip_flag ................................................................................ 190

Table 9-10 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of pred_mode_flag ......................................................................... 191

Table 9-11 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of part_mode .................................................................................. 191

Table 9-12 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of prev_intra_luma_pred_flag ....................................................... 191

Table 9-13 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of intra_chroma_pred_mode .......................................................... 191

Table 9-14 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of rqt_root_cbf ............................................................................... 191

Table 9-15 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of merge_flag ................................................................................. 191

Table 9-16 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of merge_idx .................................................................................. 192

Table 9-17 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of inter_pred_idc............................................................................ 192

Table 9-18 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of ref_idx_l0 and ref_idx_l1 .......................................................... 192

Table 9-19 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of mvp_l0_flag and mvp_l1_flag .................................................. 192

Table 9-20 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of split_transform_flag .................................................................. 192

Table 9-21 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cbf_luma .................................................................................... 192

Table 9-22 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cbf_cb and cbf_cr ...................................................................... 193

Table 9-23 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of abs_mvd_greater0_flag and abs_mvd_greater1_flag ................ 193

Table 9-24 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_qp_delta_abs ........................................................................ 193

Table 9-25 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of transform_skip_flag .................................................................. 193

Table 9-26 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of last_sig_coeff_x_prefix ............................................................. 193

Table 9-27 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of last_sig_coeff_y_prefix ............................................................. 194

Table 9-28 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of coded_sub_block_flag ............................................................... 194

Table 9-29 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of sig_coeff_flag ............................................................................ 194

Table 9-30 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of coeff_abs_level_greater1_flag .................................................. 195

Table 9-31 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of coeff_abs_level_greater2_flag .................................................. 195

Table 9-32 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of explicit_rdpcm_flag .................................................................. 195

Table 9-33 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of explicit_rdpcm_dir_flag ............................................................ 195

Table 9-34 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_chroma_qp_offset_flag ........................................................ 195

Table 9-35 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_chroma_qp_offset_idx ......................................................... 196

Table 9-36 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of log2_res_scale_abs_plus1 ......................................................... 196

Table 9-37 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of res_scale_sign_flag ................................................................... 196

Table 9-38 – Syntax elements and associated binarizations ................................................................................ 198

Table 9-39 – Bin string of the unary binarization (informative) .......................................................................... 201

Table 9-40 – Binarization for part_mode ............................................................................................................. 203

Table 9-41 – Binarization for intra_chroma_pred_mode..................................................................................... 203

Table 9-42 – Binarization for inter_pred_idc ...................................................................................................... 204

Table 9-43 – Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins ................................................ 206

Table 9-44 – Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements ........................................................ 208

Table 9-45 – Specification of ctxIdxMap[ i ] ...................................................................................................... 211

Table 9-46 – Specification of rangeTabLps depending on the values of pStateIdx and qRangeIdx .................... 215

Table 9-47 – State transition table ....................................................................................................................... 216

Table A.1 – Allowed values for syntax elements in the format range extensions profiles .................................. 229

Table A.2 – Bitstream indications for conformance to format range extensions profiles .................................... 231

Table A.3 – Bitstream indications for conformance to format range extensions high throughput profiles ......... 233

Table A.4 – General tier and level limits ............................................................................................................. 235

Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015) xvii

Table A.5 – Tier and level limits for the video profiles ....................................................................................... 237

Table A.6 – Specification of CpbVclFactor, CpbNalFactor, FormatCapabilityFactor and MinCrScaleFactor ... 238

Table A.7 – Maximum picture rates (pictures per second) at level 1 to 4.1 for some example picture sizes when

MinCbSizeY is equal to 64 ................................................................................................................. 239

Table A.8 – Maximum picture rates (pictures per second) at level 5 to 6.2 for some example picture sizes when

MinCbSizeY is equal to 64 ................................................................................................................. 240

Table D.1 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ............................................................................ 277

Table D.2 – Interpretation of pic_struct ............................................................................................................... 284

Table D.3 – scene_transition_type values ........................................................................................................... 290

Table D.4 – film_grain_model_id values ............................................................................................................ 293

Table D.5 – blending_mode_id values ................................................................................................................ 295

Table D.6 – filter_hint_type values ..................................................................................................................... 299

Table D.7 – Interpretation of camera_iso_speed_idc and exposure_index_idc ................................................... 302

Table D.8 – Definition of frame_packing_arrangement_type ............................................................................. 304

Table D.9 – Definition of content_interpretation_type ........................................................................................ 305

Table D.10 – Interpretation of hash_type ............................................................................................................ 312

Table D.11 – Definition of counting_type[ i ] values .......................................................................................... 320

Table D.12 – Definition of segmented_rect_content_interpretation_type ........................................................... 323

Table D.13 – ver_chroma_filter_idc values ......................................................................................................... 328

Table D.14 – hor_chroma_filter_idc values ........................................................................................................ 328

Table D.15 – Chroma sampling format indicated by target_format_idc ............................................................. 329

Table D.16 – Constraints on the value of num_vertical_filters ........................................................................... 330

Table D.17 – Constraints on the value of num_horizontal_filters ....................................................................... 330

Table D.18 – Values of verFilterCoeff and verTapLength when ver_chroma_filter_idc is equal to 2 ................ 331

Table D.19 – Values of horFilterCoeff and horTapLength when hor_chroma_filter_idc is equal to 2 ............... 331

Table D.20 – Usage of chroma filter in the vertical direction ............................................................................. 334

Table D.21 – Usage of chroma filter in the horizontal direction ......................................................................... 336

Table E.1 – Interpretation of sample aspect ratio indicator ................................................................................. 345

Table E.2 – Meaning of video_format ................................................................................................................. 346

Table E.3 – Colour primaries ............................................................................................................................... 347

Table E.4 – Transfer characteristics..................................................................................................................... 348

Table E.5 – Matrix coefficients ........................................................................................................................... 352

Table E.6 – Divisor for computation of DpbOutputElementalInterval[ n ] ......................................................... 359

Table F.1 – Mapping of ScalabiltyId to scalability dimensions ........................................................................... 386

Table F.2 – Mapping of AuxId to the type of auxiliary pictures ......................................................................... 387

Table F.3 – Specification of CompatibleProfileList ............................................................................................ 432

Table F.4 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ............................................................................. 455

Table G.1 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ............................................................................ 485

Table G.2 – Association between camera parameter variables and syntax elements .......................................... 487

Table G.3 – Definition of depth_representation_type ......................................................................................... 489

Table G.4 – Association between depth parameter variables and syntax elements ............................................. 489

Table G.5 – Association between camera parameter variables and syntax elements. ......................................... 494

Table H.1 – 16-phase luma resampling filter ....................................................................................................... 502

Table H.2 – 16-phase chroma resampling filter ................................................................................................... 503

Table I.1 – Name association to prediction mode and partitioning type .............................................................. 544

Table I.2 – Specification of intra prediction mode and associated names ........................................................... 550

xviii Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015)

Table I.3 – Specification of divCoeff depending on sDenomDiv ........................................................................ 579

Table I.4 – Association of ctxIdx and syntax elements for each initializationType in the initialization process 592

Table I.5 – Values of initValue for skip_intra_flag ctxIdx .................................................................................. 593

Table I.6 – Values of initValue for no_dim_flag ctxIdx ...................................................................................... 593

Table I.7 – Values of initValue for depth_intra_mode_idx_flag ctxIdx .............................................................. 593

Table I.8 – Values of initValue for skip_intra_mode_idx ctxIdx ........................................................................ 593

Table I.9 – Values of initValue for dbbp_flag ctxIdx .......................................................................................... 593

Table I.10 – Values of initValue for dc_only_flag ctxIdx ................................................................................... 593

Table I.11 – Values of initValue for iv_res_pred_weight_idx ctxIdx ................................................................. 594

Table I.12 – Values of initValue for illu_comp_flag ctxIdx ................................................................................ 594

Table I.13 – Values of initValue for depth_dc_present_flag ctxIdx .................................................................... 594

Table I.14 – Values of initValue for depth_dc_abs ctxIdx .................................................................................. 594

Table I.15 – Syntax elements and associated binarizations ................................................................................. 595

Table I.16 – Binarization for part_mode .............................................................................................................. 596

Table I.17 – Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins ................................................. 597

Table I.18 – Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements ......................................................... 598

Table I.19 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative)............................................................................ 603

Table I.20 – Interpretation of depth_type ............................................................................................................ 603

Table I.21 – Locations of the top-left luma samples of constituent pictures packed in a picture with ViewIdx greater

than 0 relative to the top-left luma sample of this picture ................................................................... 604

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