RESTful Java编程：JAX-RS实战

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"RESTful Java with JAX-RS" 本书“RESTful Java with JAX-RS”由Bill Burke撰写，深入介绍了如何使用Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)来实现RESTful服务。REST（Representational State Transfer）是一种软件架构风格，广泛应用于Web服务设计，它强调通过HTTP协议来简化客户端与服务器之间的交互。JAX-RS是Java平台上的标准，用于简化创建RESTful Web服务的接口。 REST的核心原则包括： 1. 客户端-服务器架构：客户端和服务器之间有明确的职责划分，客户端负责用户界面逻辑，服务器负责数据处理。 2. 无状态：每次请求都包含所有必要的信息，服务器不保存任何会话状态。这允许服务器更易于扩展。 3. 缓存：客户端可以缓存响应，提高性能。 4. 统一接口：通过标准方法（如GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等）和URI（统一资源标识符）来操作资源。 JAX-RS提供了一套注解，用于声明和配置RESTful服务，例如： - `@Path`：定义资源路径。 - `@GET`, `@POST`, `@PUT`, `@DELETE`：指定HTTP方法。 - `@QueryParam`, `@PathParam`, `@HeaderParam`, `@CookieParam`：用于从请求中获取参数。 - `@Consumes` 和 `@Produces`：声明服务能处理的媒体类型。书中可能涵盖的内容包括： 1. JAX-RS入门：介绍如何设置环境，创建第一个RESTful服务。 2. 资源和方法：详细解释如何使用`@Path`和HTTP方法注解来定义资源及其操作。 3. 参数绑定：讲解不同类型的参数如何从请求中提取。 4. 响应和异常处理：如何构建和返回HTTP响应，以及处理服务中的异常。 5. 类型转换和实体：使用`@XMLRootElement`和`@JSONProperty`等注解处理XML和JSON数据。 6. 客户端API：JAX-RS提供的客户端API，用于方便地调用其他RESTful服务。 7. 过滤器和拦截器：用于全局行为，如日志记录、认证和授权。 8. 持续集成和测试：如何测试RESTful服务，并将其部署到不同的服务器平台。此外，书中可能还会讨论与其他Java技术的集成，如CDI（Contexts and Dependency Injection）、JPA（Java Persistence API）以及安全框架，如OAuth和JWT。 “RESTful Java with JAX-RS”是学习如何使用Java构建RESTful Web服务的宝贵资源，适合对REST和JAX-RS感兴趣的开发者阅读。

Bill Burke led the development of one of the JAX-RS implementations mentioned earlier

(RESTEasy) and was an active and attentive member of the expert group. His contri-

butions to expert group discussions are too numerous to list, but a few of the areas

where his input was instrumental include rules for annotation inheritance, use of reg-

ular expressions for matching request URIs, annotation-driven support for cookies and

form data, and support for streamed output.

This book, RESTful Java with JAX-RS, provides an in-depth tutorial on JAX-RS and

shows how to get the most from this new API while adhering to the REST architectural

style. I hope you enjoy the book and working with JAX-RS.

—Marc Hadley

JAX-RS Specification Lead

Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Burlington, MA

xiv | Foreword

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Preface

Author’s Note

The bulk of my career has been spent working with and implementing distributed

middleware. In the mid-’90s I worked for the parent company of Open Environment

Corporation, working on DCE tools. Later on, I worked for Iona, developing their next-

generation CORBA ORB. Currently, I work for the JBoss division of Red Hat, which

is entrenched in Java middleware, specifically Java EE. So, you could say that I have a

pretty rich perspective when it comes to middleware.

I must tell you that I was originally very skeptical of REST as a way of writing SOA

applications. It seemed way too simple and shortsighted, so I sort of blew it off for a

while. One day though, back in mid-2007, I ran into my old Iona boss and mentor Steve

Vinoski while grabbing a sandwich at D’Angelo in Westford, MA near Red Hat’s offi-

ces. We ended up sitting down, having lunch, and talking for hours. The first shocker

for me was that Steve had left Iona to go work for a start-up. The second was when he

said, “Bill, I’ve abandoned CORBA and WS-* for REST.” For those of you who don’t

know Steve, he contributed heavily to the CORBA specification, wrote a book on the

subject (which is basically the CORBA bible), and is a giant in the distributed com-

puting field, writing regularly for C++ Report and IEEE. How could the guy I looked

up to and was responsible for my foundation in distributed computing abandon

CORBA, WS-*, and the distributed framework landscape he was instrumental in cre-

ating? I felt a little betrayed and very unnerved (OK, maybe I’m exaggerating a little…).

We ended up arguing for a few hours on which was better, WS-*/CORBA or REST.

This conversation spilled into many other lengthy email messages, with me trying to

promote WS-* and him defending REST. The funniest thing to me was that as I re-

searched REST more and more I found that my arguments with Steve were just another

endless replay of debates that had been raging across the blogosphere for years. They

are still raging to this day.

Anyway, it took months for me to change my mind and embrace REST. You would

figure that my distributed computing background was an asset, but it was not. DCE,

CORBA, WS-*, and Java EE were all baggage. All were an invisible barrier for me to

accept REST as a viable (and better) alternative for writing SOA applications. I think

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that’s what I liked most about REST. It required me to rethink and reformulate the

foundation of my distributed computing knowledge. Hopefully your journey isn’t as

difficult as mine and you will be a little less stubborn and more open-minded than I was.

Who Should Read This Book

This book teaches you how to design and develop distributed web services in Java using

RESTful architectural principles on top of the HTTP protocol. It is mostly a compre-

hensive reference guide on the JAX-RS specification, which is a JCP standardized an-

notation framework for writing RESTful web services in Java.

While this book does go into many of the fundamentals of REST, it does not cover

them all and focuses more on implementation rather than theory. You can satisfy your

craving for more RESTful theory be obtaining RESTful Web Services by Leonard Ri-

chardson and Sam Ruby (O’Reilly). If you are familiar writing Java EE applications,

you will be very comfortable reading this book. If you are not, you will be at a disad-

vantage, but some experience with web application development, HTTP, and XML is

a huge plus. Before reading this book, you should also be fairly fluent in the Java lan-

guage and specifically know how to use and apply Java annotations. If you are unfa-

miliar with the Java language, I recommend Learning Java by Patrick Niemeyer and

Jonathan Knudsen (O’Reilly).

How This Book Is Organized

This book is organized into two parts: the technical manuscript, followed by the

JAX-RS workbook. The technical manuscript explains what REST and JAX-RS are,

how they work, and when to use them. The JAX-RS workbook provides step-by-step

instructions for installing, configuring, and running the JAX-RS examples from the

manuscript with the JBoss RESTEasy framework, an implementation of JAX-RS.

Part I, REST and the JAX-RS Standard

Part I starts off with a brief introduction to REST and HTTP. It then guides you through

the basics of the JAX-RS specification, and then in later chapters shows you how you

can apply JAX-RS to build RESTful web services:

Chapter 1, Introduction to REST

This chapter gives you a brief introduction to REST and HTTP.

Chapter 2, Designing RESTful Services

This chapter walks you through the design of a distributed RESTful interface for

an e-commerce order entry system.

xvi | Preface

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Chapter 3, Your First JAX-RS Service

This chapter walks you through the development of a RESTful web service written

in Java as a JAX-RS service.

Chapter 4, HTTP Method and URI Matching

This chapter defines how HTTP requests are dispatched in JAX-RS and how you

can use the @Path annotation and subresources.

Chapter 5, JAX-RS Injection

This chapter walks you through various annotations that allow you to extract in-

formation from an HTTP request (URI parameters, headers, query parameters,

form data, cookies, matrix parameters, encoding, and defining default values).

Chapter 6, JAX-RS Content Handlers

This chapter explains how to marshal HTTP message bodies to and from Java

objects using built-in handlers or writing your own custom marshallers.

Chapter 7, Response Codes, Complex Responses, and Exception Handling

This chapter walks through the JAX-RS Response object and how you use it to

return complex responses to your client (ResponseBuilder). It also explains how

exception and error handling work in JAX-RS.

Chapter 8, HTTP Content Negotiation

This chapter explains how HTTP content negotiation works, its relationship to

JAX-RS, and how you can leverage this within RESTful architectures.

Chapter 9, HATEOAS

This chapter dives into Hypermedia As The Engine Of Application State and how

it relates to JAX-RS (UriInfo and UriBuilder).

Chapter 10, Scaling JAX-RS Applications

This chapter explains how you can increase the performance of your services by

leveraging HTTP caching protocols. It also shows you how to manage concurrency

conflicts in high-volume sites.

Chapter 11, Deployment and Integration

This chapter explains how you can deploy and integrate your JAX-RS services

within Java Enterprise Edition, servlet containers, EJB, Spring, and JPA.

Chapter 12, Securing JAX-RS

This chapter walks you through the most popular mechanisms to perform authen-

tication on the Web. It then shows you how to implement secure applications with

JAX-RS.

Chapter 13, RESTful Java Clients

This chapter shows you how to write RESTful clients in Java using various libraries

and frameworks as an example (java.net.URL, Apache HTTP Client, and

RESTEasy).

Chapter 14, JAX-RS Implementations

This chapter provides a short review of available JAX-RS implementations.

Preface | xvii

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