Photon-detections via probing the switching current shifts of Josephson
junctions
Yiwen Wang
a
, Pinjia Zhou
a
, Lianfu Wei
a,b,
⇑
, Beihong Zhang
a
, Qiang Wei
a
, Jiquan Zhai
c
, Weiwei Xu
c
,
Chunhai Cao
c
a
Quantum Optoelectronics Laboratory, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
c
Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
article info
Article history:
Received 11 January 2015
Received in revised form 31 March 2015
Accepted 23 May 2015
Available online 28 May 2015
Keywords:
Josephson junction
Photon detection
Switching current
Optical responsivity
NEP
abstract
Phenomenally, Cooper pairs can be broken up by external energy and thus the Cooper-pair density in the
superconducting electrodes of a Josephson junction (JJ) under radiation can be lowered accordingly.
Therefore, by probing the shift of the switching current through the junction, the radiation power
absorbed by the superconductors can be detected. Here, we experimentally demonstrate weak optical
detections in two types of JJs: Al/AlO
x
/Al junction (Al-J) and Nb/AlO
x
/Nb junction (Nb-J), with the super-
conducting transition temperatures T
c
1:2 K and 6.8 K respectively. The photon-induced switching cur-
rent shifts are measured at ultra-low temperature ðT 16 mKÞ in order to significantly suppress thermal
noises. It is observed that the Al-J has a higher sensitivity than the Nb-J, which is expected since Al has a
smaller superconducting gap energy than Nb. The minimum detectable optical powers (at 1550 nm) with
the present Al-J and Nb-J are measured as 8 pW and 2 nW respectively, and the noise equivalent power
(NEP) are estimated to be 7 10
11
W/
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Hz
p
(for Nb-J) and 3 10
12
W/
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Hz
p
(for Al-J). We also find that
the observed switching current responses are dominated by the photon-induced thermal effects. Several
methods are proposed to further improve the device sensitivity, so that the JJ based devices can be appli-
cable in photon detections.
Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Superconducting photon detectors at near-infrared wave-
lengths, with photon-number resolving power, have shown great
promises in quantum optics and quantum information applica-
tions. The superconducting detectors now extensively studied
mainly include: the superconducting nanowire single-photon
detectors (SNSPDs) [1–4], the transition-edge sensors (TESs) [5,6],
the superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) [7,8] and the micro-
wave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) [9–11]. Here we pro-
pose and demonstrate an alternative approach to achieve photon
detections, by measuring the changes of the switching current of
a Josephson junction (JJ) under radiation.
If a photon with sufficient energy h
m
(h
m
> 2
D
with
D
being the
superconducting gap) is absorbed by the superconductor, the num-
ber of
g
h
m
=2
D
Cooper-pairs can be broken apart, where
g
is the
absorption efficiency. This implies that, when a photon is incident
on the junction area, excess quasiparticles will be excited and the
Cooper-pair density on the irradiated superconductors will
decrease. This will lead to an abrupt reduction in its critical current
I
c
(the maximum magnitude of the supercurrent), based on the
density–current relation: I
c
/
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
q
1
q
2
p
, where
q
1
and
q
2
are the
Cooper-pair densities in the two superconducting electrodes [12].
On the other hand, phonons in the substrate around the radiation
center may be excited and thus cause a local temperature increase.
The thermal effects can also reduce I
c
based on the temperature-
dependence of the critical current [13]: I
c
/
D
ðTÞtanh½
D
ðTÞ=2k
B
T,
where T is the bath temperature. Therefore, both pure
pair-breaking effects and thermal effects can lead to a reduction
in the critical current, which provides a feasible way to detect
the incident photons via measuring the radiation-induced changes
in the critical current of a Josephon junction.
Note that the ac Josephson effect was utilized to detect the
microwave and far-infrared radiation several years ago [14].
Later, the superconducting gap voltage shifts due to visible and
infrared radiation were measured in Nb/AlO
x
/Nb junctions [15]
and junction arrays [16] at temperatures around 4.2 K.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2015.05.005
0921-4534/Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
⇑
Corresponding author at: Quantum Optoelectronics Laboratory, School of
Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu
610031, China.
E-mail address: weilianfu@gmail.com (L. Wei).
Physica C 515 (2015) 49–53
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physica C
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physc