上海交大饶神：面向对象分析与设计入门

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本章是上海交通大学软件工程中心的一份课程资料，由饶神教授编写，具有美国和德国的留学背景，他专注于"面向对象"（Object-Oriented，OO）分析与设计。课程内容丰富，涵盖了多个核心主题。 1.1 面向对象介绍：本节首先概述了面向对象编程的概念，将它与传统的过程化编程方法进行对比，强调了OO编程的优势，如封装、继承和多态等基本概念。 1.2 面向对象分析与设计（Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, OOAD）：这是课程的核心部分，讲解如何通过OO方法论来理解和解决问题。OOAD包括需求分析、系统设计、以及模式（Patterns）和架构的设计。 1.3 UML（统一建模语言）：在OOAD过程中，UML被广泛用于可视化和沟通复杂系统的设计。它提供了一系列图形化的工具和技术，帮助开发者理解和实现对象模型。 1.4 软件开发过程：章节探讨了软件生命周期中的关键步骤，包括问题空间（Problem Space）的识别、业务流程的理解，以及如何通过自然语言描述问题和解决方案。 1.5 组件与CBSD：这部分可能涉及到软件的模块化设计，讨论如何将软件分解为可重用的组件，并可能介绍了Component-Based Software Development (CBSD)的理念。 1.6 模式与架构：讲解设计模式，这些是一系列解决常见设计问题的最佳实践，对于构建高质量的软件架构至关重要。在实际的软件设计环节，例如"Place Order"、"Inventory"和"Shipping"场景，会深入到具体的业务流程，通过自然语言描述问题，并探讨如何转化为编程语言实现的解决方案，以及编程执行过程中的语言差异和问题空间的转换。总体来说，这一章节提供了对面向对象方法论的全面理解，不仅包括理论知识，还包含实际问题的剖析和解决策略，对于学习者来说，无论是入门者还是进阶开发者，都能从中获益匪浅。通过饶神教授的引导，学生能够掌握如何有效地进行软件分析与设计，提升软件开发的效率和质量。

2010/5/30

What Is a Class?



A class is a description of a set of objects that

share the same properties

and behavior.

 An object is an instance of a class.

Objects

Professor

- name

lIDUiId

Class: Professor

Attributes

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Professor Smith

Professor Jones

Professor Mellon

- emp

oyee

que

- hireDate

- status

- discipline

- maxLoad

+ submitFinalGrade()

+ acceptCourseOffering()

+ setMaxLoad()

+ takeSabbatical()

Operations

A Sample Class

Data Items:

 manufacturer’s name

 model name

 year made



color

Methods:

 Define data items

(specify

manufacturer’s name,

model, year, etc.)



Change a data item

Class: Automobile

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

color

 number of doors

 size of engine

 etc.



Change

data

item

(color, engine, etc.)

 Display data items

 Calculate cost

 etc.

The Relationship Between Classes and Objects

 A class is an abstract definition of an object.

 It defines the structure and behavior of each object in the

class.

 It serves as a template for creating objects

 Objects are grouped into classes.

 An object is an instance of a class.

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Professor

- name

- employeeID : UniqueId

- hireDate

- status

- discipline

- maxLoad

+ submitFinalGrade()

+ acceptCourseOffering()

+ setMaxLoad()

+ takeSabbatical()

Objects

Professor SmithProfessor Jones

Professor Mellon

From Real World

abstracting

Class: Professor

To computer World

instancing

J Clark :

Professor

Objects

What Is an Attribute?

 An attribute is a named property of a class

that describes a range of values instances

of the property may hold.

 A class may have any number of attributes or no

attributes at all.

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Attributes

Student

- name

- address

- studentID

- dateOfBirth

Attributes in Classes and Objects

name: M. Modano

address: 123 Main

studentID: 9

dateofBirth: 03/10/1967

Class

Objects

Student

- name

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

name: D. Hatcher

address: 456 Oak

studentID: 2

dateofBirth: 12/11/1969

- address

- studentID

- dateOfBirth

What Is an Operation?

 An operation is the implementation of a

service that can be requested from any

object of the class to affect behavior.

 A class may have any number of operations

or none at all.

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Operations

Student

+ get tuition()

+ add schedule()

+ get schedule()

+ delete schedule()

+ has pre-requisites()

2010/5/30

class Professor {

private String name;

private int age;

private String speciality;

public Professor (String sm, int ia,

String ss) {

name =

;

Example: class Professor

Professor

- name : String

- age : int

speciality

:String

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

name

;

age = ia;

speciality = sst;

}

public String getName () { return

name;}

public int getAge () { return age;}

public String getSpeciality () {

return speciality;}

}

speciality

String

+getName() : String

+getAge() : int

+getSpeciality() : String

wang : Professor

name = “wang”

age = 35

speciality = “computer”

Example : Instance of Professor

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Professor wang = new Professor (“wang”, 35, “computer”);

What is a message?What is a message?

 A specification of a communication between objects

that conveys information with the expectation that

activity will ensue

One object asks another object to perform an operation.

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Professor wang

wang.getName()

What is your name?

 The OrderEntryForm wants Order to calculate

the total dollar value for the order.

Example: Object Interaction

calculateOrderTotal()

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

OrderEntryForm Order

orderID

date

salesTotal

tax

shipDate

The class Order has the responsibility to calculate the total dollar

value.

Message

Basic Principles of Object Orientation

Object Orientation

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Encapsulatio

Abstraction

Polymorphis

Inheritance

What Is Abstraction?

Abstraction can be defined as:

 Any model that includes the most important, essential, or

distinguishing aspects of something while suppressing or

ignoring less important, immaterial, or diversionary

details. The result of removing distinctions so as to

emphasize commonalties.

(

ictionar

ect Technolo

Firesmith

kholt

1995

)

Object Oriented Analysis and Design

(

yf j gy

Abstraction

Emphasizes relevant characteristics.

Suppresses other characteristics.

BriefCase

- Capacity

- Weight

+ open()

+ close()

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