5 MW海上风力发电机技术报告

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"Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development.pdf" 这份技术报告由美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）在2009年2月发布，编号为NREL/TP-500-38060。报告的主要内容是关于5兆瓦（5MW）海上参考风力发电机的设计定义，目的是支持和促进海上风电系统的开发。报告由J. Jonkman、S. Butterfield、W. Musial和G. Scott等人撰写，他们都是NREL的专业研究人员。 5MW风机是风能行业中的一个重要里程碑，因为这种大容量的风电机组能够显著提高风能的捕获效率和经济效益，特别适合于空间开阔、风力资源丰富的海上环境。5兆瓦的功率输出意味着每小时可以产生5万瓦特的电力，足以满足数千户家庭的用电需求。报告详细探讨了设计这样一台大型风力发电机所面临的挑战，包括机械结构、电气系统、叶片设计、塔筒高度、控制系统以及海上安装和维护的技术细节。报告中可能涉及的关键知识点有： 1. **叶片设计**：大容量风电机组的叶片需要具备高效捕捉风能的能力，同时要考虑动态稳定性、材料强度和耐久性。设计过程中可能会讨论叶片的空气动力学特性，如翼型选择、扭转角度、展弦比等。 2. **塔筒与基础**：为了获得更高的风速，5MW风机通常需要较高的塔筒。此外，海上风电机组的基座设计至关重要，可能涉及浮式或固定式基础结构，需考虑海洋环境的浪涌、潮汐和腐蚀等因素。 3. **电气系统**：包括发电机、变频器和电力传输。5MW的发电机需要高效的转换和传输机制，以确保电能能够稳定地输送到陆地电网。 4. **控制系统**：确保风力发电机组在各种风况下安全、稳定运行，可能涵盖转速控制、偏航系统、变桨控制等。 5. **海上安装与运维**：海上风电机组的安装和维护成本高昂且复杂，报告可能会讨论创新的安装方法和远程监控技术，以降低运维成本。 6. **经济与环境影响**：报告可能评估5MW风机的经济可行性和环境影响，包括投资回报率、对当地就业的影响、以及与传统能源相比的碳排放减少情况。这份报告对于理解5MW级别海上风力发电技术的发展趋势、挑战和解决方案具有重要价值，是研究和开发海上风电项目的重要参考资料。

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The Multibrid M5000 machine has a significantly higher tip speed than typical onshore wind

turbines and a lower tower-top mass than would be expected from scaling laws previously

developed in one of the WindPACT studies [29]. In contrast, the REpower 5M machine has

properties that are more “expected” and “conventional.” For this reason, we decided to use the

specifications of the REpower 5M machine as the target specifications

The wind turbine used in the DOWEC project had a slightly higher rating than the rating of the

REpower 5M machine, but many of the other basic properties of the DOWEC turbine matched

the REpower 5M machine very well. In fact, the DOWEC turbine matched many of the

properties of the REpower 5M machine better than the turbine properties derived for the

WindPACT and RECOFF studies.

for our baseline model.

The REpower 5M machine has a rotor radius of about 63 m. Wanting the same radius and the

lowest reasonable hub height possible to minimize the overturning moment acting on an offshore

substructure, we decided that the hub height for the baseline wind turbine should be 90 m. This

would give a 15-m air gap between the blade tips at their lowest point when the wind turbine is

undeflected and an estimated extreme 50-year individual wave height of 30 m (i.e., 15-m

amplitude). The additional gross properties we chose for the NREL 5-MW baseline wind

turbine, most of which are identical to those of the REpower 5M, are given in

As a result of these similarities, we made the heaviest use of

data from the DOWEC study in our development of the NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind

turbine.

Table 1-1. The

(x,y,z) coordinates of the overall center of mass (CM) location of the wind turbine are indicated

in a tower-base coordinate system, which originates along the tower centerline at ground or mean

Note that we established the target specifications using information about the REpower 5M machine that was

published in January 2005 [26,27]. Some of the information presented in Refs. [26] and [27] disagrees with more

recently published information. For example, the published nacelle and rotor masses of the REpower 5M are higher

in the more recent publications.

This was probably because the REpower 5M prototype utilized blades provided by LM Glasfiber [18], a company

that helped establish the structural properties of the blades used in the DOWEC study.

Table 1-1. Gross Properties Chosen for the NREL 5-MW Baseline

Wind Turbine

Rating

5 MW

Rotor Orientation, Configuration

Upwind, 3 Blades

Control

Variable Speed, Collective Pitch

Drivetrain

High Speed, Multiple-Stage Gearbox

Rotor, Hub Diameter

126 m, 3 m

Hub Height

90 m

Cut-In, Rated, Cut-Out Wind Speed

3 m/s, 11.4 m/s, 25 m/s

Cut-In, Rated Rotor Speed

6.9 rpm, 12.1 rpm

Rated Tip Speed

80 m/s

Overhang, Shaft Tilt, Precone

5 m, 5º, 2.5º

Rotor Mass

110,000 kg

Nacelle Mass

240,000 kg

Tower Mass

347,460 kg

Coordinate Location of Overall CM

(-0.2 m, 0.0 m, 64.0 m)

sea level (MSL). The x-axis of this coordinate system is directed nominally downwind, the y-

axis is directed transverse to the nominal wind direction, and the z-axis is directed vertically from

the tower base to the yaw bearing.

The actual REpower 5M wind turbine uses blades with built-in prebend as a means of increasing

tower clearance without a large rotor overhang. Because many of the available simulation tools

and design codes cannot support blades with built-in prebend, we chose a 2.5°-upwind precone

in the baseline wind turbine to represent the smaller amount of precone and larger amount of

prebend that are built into the actual REpower 5M machine.

The rotor diameter indicated in Table 1-1 ignores the effect of blade precone, which reduces the

actual diameter and swept area. The exact rotor diameter in the turbine specifications (assuming

that the blades are undeflected) is actually (126 m) × cos(2.5°) = 125.88 m and the actual swept

area is (π/4) × (125.88 m)

= 12,445.3 m

We present other information about this model as follows:

• The blade structural properties in Section 2

• The blade aerodynamic properties in Section 3

• The hub and nacelle properties in Section 4

• The drivetrain properties in Section 5

• The tower properties in Section 6

• The baseline control system properties in Section 7

• The aero-servo-elastic FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) [11]

with AeroDyn [16,20] and MSC.ADAMS

(Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical

Systems) with A2AD (ADAMS-to-AeroDyn)

6 [ ,15] and AeroDyn models of the wind

turbine in Section 8

• The basic responses of the land-based version of the wind turbine, including its full-

system natural frequencies and steady-state behavior in Section 9.

Although we summarize much of this information

7 for conciseness and clarity, Section

contains a high level of detail about the development of the wind turbine’s baseline control

system. These details are provided because they are fundamental to the development of more

advanced control systems.

The NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine has been used to establish the reference

specifications for a number of research projects supported by the U.S. DOE’s Wind &

Hydropower Technologies Program [1,2,7,12,28,33,34]. In addition, the integrated European

Note that we use the term “ADAMS” to mean “MSC.ADAMS with A2AD” in this work.

Note that some of the turbine properties are presented with a large number (>4) of significant figures. Most of

these were carried over from the turbine properties documented in the DOWEC study [8,14,17]—We did not

truncate their precision to maintain consistency with the original data source.

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