stk原版教程：卫星星座仿真与Orbital Mechanics详解

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本资源是一份名为"stk 原版教程"的卫星星座仿真工具包指南，它基于Jerry Jon Sellers所著的《Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics》一书，版权由McGraw-Hill和Analytical Graphics, Inc.共同持有。教程的主要目标是为读者提供航天工程的基础知识，包括但不限于： 1. **空间任务架构**：这部分将深入探讨如何设计和规划卫星星座的部署、通信和操作，涉及到不同类型的卫星系统，如地球静止轨道（GEO）、低地球轨道（LEO）和中地球轨道（MEO）等。 2. **历史背景**：了解航天领域的里程碑事件，如早期的卫星发射、太空竞赛和现代卫星通信技术的发展，这对于理解当前星座仿真的重要性不言而喻。 3. **动力学与力学**：介绍航天器在太空中的运动规律，包括牛顿运动定律、引力和力矩的作用，以及推进系统的原理，这些是轨道分析和设计的基础。 4. **轨道元素与轨道力学**：讲解轨道的基本参数，如半长轴、偏心率、升交点、轨道倾角等，以及如何通过这些元素来描述和预测卫星的运动轨迹。 5. **轨道预报**：如何利用数学模型和技术预测卫星在未来的轨道位置，对于星座管理至关重要，确保服务覆盖和避免碰撞。 6. **地面跟踪**：卫星信号的接收和定位，解释天线指向、测轨站网络以及如何计算卫星的可见性，这对于星座的监控和地面控制至关重要。 7. **卫星访问与通信**：探讨卫星与地面站之间的通信策略，包括数据传输、频谱管理和多址接入技术，确保星座的有效服务性能。 8. **作者简介**：Jerry Jon Sellers作为作者拥有丰富的航天背景，他在NASA Johnson Space Center的工作经历使得教程内容具有实战性和深度，适合初学者和专业人士参考。通过此教程，学习者可以掌握卫星星座设计与仿真所需的关键概念，为进一步研究或实际工作提供坚实的理论基础。同时，由于它与Opnet的联合调试能力，该教程还可用于实际的仿真环境中，提升卫星星座模拟的精确度和效率。

STK Astronautics Primer

Ariane, an upper stage, such as the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), and onboard thrusters for

final maneuvers and station keeping. The Space Shuttle, shown in Figure 12, is one type

of complete space transportation system.

Figure 12: The Space Shuttle. Space transportation includes the systems that put the

spacecraft in orbit, keep it there, and rotate and move it if necessary. Space

transportation systems develop the velocity needed to obtain and stay in orbit. Space

boosters are divided into stages that provide incremental changes in velocity and are

then discarded.

Communications Network

A space mission is more than just rockets and satellites. An entire system of ground and

on-orbit assets are needed to track, command and control all aspects of the mission. This

communications network ties together various links needed to deliver bus telemetry and

payload data to operators and users, as shown in Figure 13.

STK Astronautics Primer

EXPLORING SPACE

Long before rockets and interplanetary probes escaped the Earth’s atmosphere,

people explored the heavens with just their eyes and imagination. Later, with the aid

of telescopes and other instruments, humans continued their struggle to bring order

to the heavens. With order came some understanding and a concept of our place in

the universe. Thousands of years ago, priests of ancient Egypt and Babylon carefully

observed the heavens to plan religious festivals, to control the planting and harvesting

of various crops, and to understand at least partially the realm in which they believed

many of their gods lived. Later, philosophers such as Aristotle and Ptolemy developed

complex theories to explain and predict the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets and

stars.

The theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy dominated the world of astronomy and our

understanding of the heavens well into the 1600s. Combining ancient traditions with

new observations and insights, natural philosophers such as Copernicus and Kepler

offered rival explanations from the 1500s onward. Using their models and Isaac

Newton’s new tools of physics, astronomers in the 1700s and 1800s made several

startling discoveries, including two new planets—Uranus and Neptune. Let’s briefly

explore some of these major contributors to our early understanding of space and

orbits.

Copernicus

With the Renaissance and humanism came a new emphasis on the accessibility of the

heavens to human thought. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), a Renaissance

humanist and Catholic clergyman, reordered the universe and enlarged man’s

horizons. He placed the Sun at the center of the solar system, as shown in Figure 14,

and had the Earth rotate on its axis once a day while revolving about the Sun once a

year.

Copernicus further observed that, with respect to a viewer located on the Earth, the

planets occasionally appear to back up in their orbits as they move against the

background of the fixed stars. Ptolemy and others resorted to complex combinations

of circles to explain this backward motion of the planets, but Copernicus cleverly

explained that this motion was simply the effect of the Earth overtaking, and being

overtaken by, the planets as they all revolved about the Sun.

However, Copernicus’ heliocentric system had its drawbacks. He couldn’t prove the

Earth moved, and he couldn’t explain why the Earth rotated on its axis while

revolving about the Sun. He also adhered to the Greek tradition that orbits follow

uniform circles, so his geometry was complex and somewhat erroneous. In addition,

Copernicus wrestled with the problem of parallax—the apparent shift in the position

of bodies when viewed from different distances. If the Earth truly revolved about the

Sun, critics observed, a viewer stationed on the Earth should see an apparent shift in

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