使用Arduino自制大气监测设备

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"Atmospheric Monitoring with Arduino" 是一本由 Patrick Di Justo 和 Emily Gertz 合著的书籍，旨在引导读者使用 Arduino 和低成本传感器构建环境监测设备，特别是关注大气质量的检测。这本书通过简明教程、插图和逐步指导，帮助全球的制作者们探测有害气体、烟尘颗粒（如烟雾和雾霾）以及高层大气的霾等对感官不可见的环境因素。同时，书中还介绍了如何运用科学方法来更深入地分析大气测试的结果。在本书中，读者将学习到以下关键知识点： 1. Arduino 基础：首先，你需要了解 Arduino 平台的基本概念，包括硬件组成、编程环境以及如何编写简单的控制程序。Arduino 是一个开源电子原型平台，适合初学者和专业人士进行互动项目开发。 2. 环境传感器：书中会介绍各种用于大气监测的传感器，如气体传感器（例如二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和甲烷传感器），PM2.5 和 PM10 颗粒物传感器，以及紫外线和红外线传感器等。理解这些传感器的工作原理和数据读取方法是至关重要的。 3. 数据采集与记录：学习如何使用 Arduino 读取传感器数据，并将其存储在微控制器的内存或外部存储设备上。可能还会涉及到如何通过无线模块（如 Wi-Fi 或蓝牙）将数据传输到计算机或云服务器进行长期记录和分析。 4. 数据处理与可视化：除了收集数据，还需要知道如何解析、清洗和可视化数据。这可能涉及使用数据分析软件（如 Excel 或 Python 的数据分析库）以及在线工具创建图表和地图，以便更好地理解环境变化。 5. 项目构建：根据书中的指导，逐步构建自己的大气监测装置，包括选择合适的硬件组件，设计电路板，以及将所有部分整合成一个功能完整的系统。 6. 科学方法的应用：书中的内容强调了如何用科学方法进行实验设计和结果解释。学习如何设置对照组、控制变量，以及如何验证和解释观测到的数据变化。 7. 安全与伦理：在进行大气监测时，必须了解如何安全地操作传感器和设备，避免暴露于有害物质。同时，书中可能讨论数据分享的伦理问题，如保护个人隐私和确保数据准确无误。 8. 扩展与创新：书中可能会鼓励读者进一步改进他们的设备，比如增加新的传感器，提高精度，或者开发更智能的算法来预测环境趋势。 “Atmospheric Monitoring with Arduino” 不仅提供了实践指南，还涵盖了环境监测的科学背景和技术细节，使得读者能够亲手参与到环境保护工作中，利用技术的力量守护我们的大气环境。

Electronic Circuits and Components

An electronic circuit is, as the term implies, electricity moving in a path very

much like a circle. Each circuit has a beginning, a middle, and an end (which

is usually very close to where it began). Somewhere in the middle, the circuit

often runs through various electronic components that modify the electrical

current in some way.

Each device in this book is a circuit that combines Arduino with different

electronic components. Some of these manage the power and path of the

electricity, others sense certain conditions in the environment, and still oth-

ers display output about those conditions.

Let’s take a look at some of the components we will be using in our circuits:

Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

An LED is a lamp made of various rare-earth metals, which give off a

large amount of light when a tiny current is run through them. The com-

position of the substances within the LED determine the particular

wavelength of light emitted: you can buy green, blue, yellow, red, even

ultraviolet and infrared LEDs.

Technically, the LEDs used in our gadgets are “miniature LEDs,” tiny

lamps with two wire leads: one long (called the anode) and the other a

bit shorter (called the cathode). These come in various useful forms (in-

cluding single lamps from 2 mm to 8 mm in diameter, display bars, and

alphanumeric readouts) and can serve as indicators, illuminators, or

even data transmitters.

You’ll learn how to use these different types of LEDs while building the

different environmental sensors in this book.

Resistors

Resistors are the workhorses of the electronics world. What do resistors

do? They simply resist letting electricity flow through by being made of

materials that naturally conduct electricity poorly. In this way, resistors

serve as small dumb regulators to cut down the intensity of electric cur-

rent.

Resistance is valuable because some electronic components are very

delicate: they burn out easily if they’re powered with too much current.

Putting a resistor in the circuit ensures that only the proper amount of

electricity reaches the component. It’s hard to imagine any circuit work-

ing without a resistor, and with LEDs, resistors are almost mandatory.

While building the projects in this book, you’ll learn various creative ways

to regulate current with resistors.

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Soldering

Soldering involves heating up conductive metal, called solder, and then

using it to fuse other pieces of metal together. In small-scale electronics,

we use an electrical tool called a soldering iron, which has a small tip, to

heat up thin wires of solder and drip the solder onto the components we

wish to join into the circuit.

Soldering creates a very stable circuit, and that stability can be a draw-

back. Fusing together components can make it difficult to reuse or re-

configure circuits. You also must be very careful to not short-circuit

components while soldering. Knowing how to solder can be a very useful

skill in DIY electronics. If you’re interested in learning how, this online

resource is a good place to start.

The alternative to soldering is to use a solderless breadboard.

Solderless breadboards

Solderless breadboards are small plastic boards studded with pins that

can hold wires (more about these next). These wires can then be con-

nected to other electronic components, including Arduino.

Solderless breadboards make it much easier to design circuits, because

they allow you to quickly try out various assemblies and components

without having to solder the pieces together. While solderless bread-

boards typically are intended for use only in the design phase, many

hobbyists keep a breadboard in the final version of a device because

they’re so fast and easy to use.

If you don’t feel like soldering circuit boards, solderless breadboards are

the way to go. Each gadget in this book uses a solderless breadboard.

Wire

Wire is the most basic electronic component, creating the path along

which electrons move through a circuit. The projects in this book use

1 mm “jumper wires,” which have solid metal tips perfectly sized to fit

into Arduino and breadboard pins, and come sheathed in various colors

of insulation.

Get as much jumper wire as you can afford, in several colors.

When building circuits with Arduino, you can’t have too many

jumper wires.

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We order most of our electronics components from these online retailers:

• Adafruit Industries

• Eemartee

• Electronic Goldmine

• SparkFun

Maker Shed, from MAKE and O’Reilly Media, sells books, kits, and tools, as

well as many of the components needed to build the projects in this book

including Arduino, breadboards, sensors, and basic electronic components.

Maker Shed also supplies convenient bundles for many of the projects in this

book (you can find more information about these bundles in the individual

project chapters).

Don’t count out your friendly local RadioShack, though. While writing this

book, more than once we ran out to RadioShack for a last-minute compo-

nent.

For years RadioShack cut back on its electronic components inventory, ap-

parently seeing a better future for the business by featuring cell phones and

other consumer electronics. But the company has recently begun to em-

brace the maker movement; at the time of writing, most of their stores

around the country are even carrying Arduinos. We’re hopeful RadioShack

is on the return path to being the hacker heaven it was years ago.

Programming Arduino

A computer program is a coded series of instructions that tells the computer

what to do. The programs that run on Arduino are called sketches.

The sketches used in this book mostly tell Arduino to read data from one of

the pins, such as the one connected to a sensor, and to write information to

a different pin, such as the pin connected to an LED or display unit.

Sometimes the sketches also instruct Arduino to process that information

in a certain way: to combine data streams, or compare the input with some

reference, or even place the data into a readable format.

An Arduino program has two parts: setup() and loop().

setup()

The setup() part tells Arduino what it needs to know in order to do what

we want it to do. For example, setup() tells Arduino which pins it needs

to configure as input, which pins to configure as output, and which pins

won’t be doing much of anything. If we’re going to use a special type of

output to show our results, such as an LCD display, setup() is where we

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使用Arduino自制大气监测设备

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