VMware ESXi 5.0 网络配置指南

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"ESXi Networking 是关于VMware ESXi 5.0的网络管理文档，主要涵盖vSphere Networking的相关内容，适用于该版本及其后续版本。文档由VMware公司发布，并在其官方网站提供最新的技术文档和产品更新。" 在vSphere Networking中，ESXi 5.0是VMware虚拟化平台的核心组成部分，它专注于为虚拟机（VM）提供高性能、安全和可扩展的网络环境。ESXi是VMware vSphere的基础，是一个轻量级、直接安装在硬件上的操作系统，负责管理和调度物理网络资源到多个虚拟机。文档可能包括以下几个主要知识点： 1. **网络架构**：介绍ESXi如何处理网络流量，包括虚拟交换机（vSwitch）、端口组（Port Group）以及物理网络接口卡（NIC）的配置。vSwitch允许虚拟机间以及与外部网络的通信，而端口组则是定义网络策略的逻辑集合。 2. **vSphere Distributed Switch (VDS)**：VDS是一个跨越多个ESXi主机的虚拟交换机，提供集中式的网络管理，便于在集群环境中进行配置和监控。 3. **Network I/O Control (NIOC)**：NIOC是一种资源调度机制，用于在网络层分配带宽，防止单个虚拟机过度占用网络资源，确保所有虚拟机的公平访问。 4. **Port Binding (VMDq)**：VMDq（VMware Direct Path I/O Queuing）允许直接将物理网络适配器的队列结构映射到虚拟机，提高网络性能。 5. **Security features**：如端口安全、网络访问控制列表（ACLs）、IPsec虚拟专用网络（VPNs）等，这些特性确保网络流量的安全和隔离。 6. **High Availability (HA) and Load Balancing**：HA功能可以在物理主机故障时自动迁移虚拟机，保持服务连续性；而负载均衡则可以优化网络资源的分配，确保高效运行。 7. **Teaming & Failover**：网络接口卡的团队化（NIC Teaming）和故障切换策略确保了网络冗余和高可用性。 8. **vSphere Network Performance Monitoring**：工具和方法用于监控和优化网络性能，包括带宽使用情况、延迟和丢包率等。 9. **Configuring network services**：如DNS、DHCP和路由设置，这些都是虚拟网络环境正常运行所必需的。 10. **Troubleshooting techniques**：提供了解决网络问题的方法和步骤，帮助管理员诊断并修复网络故障。 "ESXi Networking"文档是VMware管理员理解和管理虚拟化环境网络的关键参考资料，涵盖了从基础配置到高级特性的全方位指南。

Standard Port Groups

Port groups aggregate multiple ports under a common configuration and provide a stable anchor point for

virtual machines connecting to labeled networks.

Figure 3-1. vSphere Standard Switch Network

physical network adapters

Host1

Host2

port

groups

Network

VM VM VM VM

vSphere Standard Switch

A B C D E

vSphere Standard Switch

A B C D E

virtual

physical

physical network

Each port group is identified by a network label, which is unique to the current host. Network labels are used

to make virtual machine configuration portable across hosts. All port groups in a datacenter that are physically

connected to the same network (in the sense that each can receive broadcasts from the others) are given the

same label. Conversely, if two port groups cannot receive broadcasts from each other, they have distinct labels.

A VLAN ID, which restricts port group traffic to a logical Ethernet segment within the physical network, is

optional. For a port group to reach port groups located on other VLANs, the VLAN ID must be set to 4095. If

you use VLAN IDs, you must change the port group labels and VLAN IDs together so that the labels properly

represent connectivity.

Port Group Configuration for Virtual Machines

You can add or modify a virtual machine port group from the vSphere Client.

The vSphere Client Add Network wizard guides you through the tasks to create a virtual network to which

virtual machines can connect, including creating a vSphere standard switch and configuring settings for a

network label.

When you set up virtual machine networks, consider whether you want to migrate the virtual machines in the

network between hosts. If so, be sure that both hosts are in the same broadcast domain—that is, the same Layer

2 subnet.

ESXidoes not support virtual machine migration between hosts in different broadcast domains because the

migrated virtual machine might require systems and resources that it would no longer have access to in the

new network. Even if your network configuration is set up as a high-availability environment or includes

intelligent switches that can resolve the virtual machine’s needs across different networks, you might

experience lag times as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table updates and resumes network traffic for

the virtual machines.

vSphere Networking

14 VMware, Inc.

Virtual machines reach physical networks through uplink adapters. A vSphere standard switch can transfer

data to external networks only when one or more network adapters are attached to it. When two or more

adapters are attached to a single standard switch, they are transparently teamed.

Add a Virtual Machine Port Group

Virtual machine port groups provide networking for virtual machines.

Procedure

1 Log in to the vSphere Client and select the host from the inventory panel.

2 Select the host in the inventory pane.

3 Click the Configuration tab and click Networking.

4 Select the vSphere Standard Switch view.

Standard switches appear in an overview that includes a details layout.

5 On the right side of the page, click Add Networking.

6 Accept the default connection type, Virtual Machines, and click Next.

7 Select Create a vSphere standard switch or one of the listed existing standard switches and the associated

physical adapters to use for this port group.

You can create a new standard switch with or without Ethernet adapters.

If you create a standard switch without physical network adapters, all traffic on that switch is confined to

that switch. No other hosts on the physical network or virtual machines on other standard switches can

send or receive traffic over this standard switch. You might create a standard switch without physical

network adapters if you want a group of virtual machines to be able to communicate with each other, but

not with other hosts or with virtual machines outside the group.

8 Click Next.

9 In the Port Group Properties group, enter a network label that identifies the port group that you are

creating.

Use network labels to identify migration-compatible connections common to two or more hosts.

10 (Optional) If you are using a VLAN, for VLAN ID, enter a number between 1 and 4094. If you are not

using a VLAN, leave this blank.

If you enter 0 or leave the option blank, the port group can see only untagged (non-VLAN) traffic. If you

enter 4095, the port group can see traffic on any VLAN while leaving the VLAN tags intact.

11 Click Next.

12 After you determine that the switch is configured correctly, click Finish.

VMkernel Networking Configuration

A VMkernel networking interface provides network connectivity for the host as well as handling VMware

vMotion, IP storage, and Fault Tolerance.

Moving a virtual machine from one host to another is called migration. Using vMotion, you can migrate

powered on virtual machines with no downtime. Your VMkernel networking stack must be set up properly

to accommodate vMotion.

IP storage refers to any form of storage that uses TCP/IP network ESXi. Because these storage types are network

based, they can use the same VMkernel interface and port group.

Chapter 3 Setting Up Networking with vSphere Standard Switches

VMware, Inc. 15

TCP/IP Stack at the VMkernel Level

The VMware VMkernel TCP/IP networking stack provides networking support in multiple ways for each of

the services it handles.

The VMkernel TCP/IP stack handles iSCSI, NFS, and vMotion in the following ways.

iSCSI as a virtual machine datastore.

iSCSI for the direct mounting of .ISO files, which are presented as CD-ROMs to virtual machines.

NFS as a virtual machine datastore.

NFS for the direct mounting of .ISO files, which are presented as CD-ROMs to virtual machines.

Migration with vMotion.

Fault Tolerance logging.

Port-binding for vMotion interfaces.

Provides networking information to dependent hardware iSCSI adapters.

If you have two or more physical NICs for iSCSI, you can create multiple paths for the software iSCSI by

configuring iSCSI Multipathing. For more information about iSCSI Multipathing, see the vSphere Storage

documentation.

NOTE ESXi supports only NFS version 3 over TCP/IP.

Set Up VMkernel Networking on a vSphere Standard Switch

Create a VMkernel network adapter for use as a vMotion interface or an IP storage port group.

Procedure

1 Log in to the vSphere Client and select the Hosts and Clusters inventory view.

2 Select the host in the inventory pane.

3 On the host Configuration tab, click Networking.

4 In the vSphere Standard Switch view, click Add Networking.

5 Select VMkernel and click Next.

6 Select the vSphere standard switch to use, or select Create a vSphere standard switch to create a new

vSphere standard switch.

7 Select the check boxes for the network adapters for your vSphere standard switch to use.

Select adapters for each vSphere standard switch so that virtual machines or other services that connect

through the adapter can reach the correct Ethernet segment. If no adapters appear under Create a new

vSphere standard switch, all the network adapters in the system are being used by existing vSphere

standard switches or vSphere distributed switches. You can either create a vSphere standard switch

without a network adapter, or select a network adapter that an existing vSphere standard switch uses.

8 Click Next.

vSphere Networking

16 VMware, Inc.

9 Select or enter a network label and a VLAN ID.

Option Description

Network Label

A name that identifies the port group that you are creating. This is the label

that you specify when you configure VMkernel services such as vMotion and

IP storage and you configure a virtual adapter to be attached to this port

group.

VLAN ID

Identifies the VLAN that the port group’s network traffic will use.

10 (Optional) Select Use this port group for vMotion to enable this port group to advertise itself to another

host as the network connection through which vMotion traffic should be sent.

11 (Optional) Select Use this port group for fault tolerance logging.

12 (Optional) Select Use this port group for management traffic.

13 If IPv6 is enabled on the host, select IP (Default), IPv6, or IP and IPv6 networking.

This option does not appear on hosts that do not have IPv6 enabled. IPv6 configuration cannot be used

with dependent hardware iSCSI adapters.

14 Click Next.

15 Select how to obtain IP settings.

Option Description

Obtain IP settings automatically

Use DHCP to obtain IP settings.

Use the following IP settings

Specify IP settings manually.

a Enter the IP address and subnet mask for the VMkernel interface.

b Click Edit to set the VMkernel Default Gateway for VMkernel services,

such as vMotion, NAS, and iSCSI.

On the DNS Configuration tab, the name of the host is entered by

default. The DNS server addresses that were specified during

installation are also preselected, as is the domain.

c Click OK and click Next.

16 If you are using IPv6 for the VMkernel interface, select an option for obtaining IPv6 addresses.

Option Description

Obtain IPv6 addresses automatically

through DHCP

Use DHCP to obtain IPv6 addresses.

Obtain IPv6 addresses automatically

through router advertisement

Use router advertisement to obtain IPv6 addresses.

Static IPv6 addresses

a Click Add to add a new IPv6 address.

b Enter the IPv6 address and subnet prefix length, and click OK.

c To change the VMkernel default gateway, click Edit.

17 Click Next.

18 Review the information, click Back to change any entries, and click Finish.

View VMkernel Routing Information on a vSphere Standard Switch

You can view IP and IPv6 routing information, such as network, prefix, and gateway, for a VMkernel network

interface on a vSphere standard switch.

Procedure

1 Log in to the vSphere Client and select the Hosts and Clusters inventory view.

Chapter 3 Setting Up Networking with vSphere Standard Switches

VMware, Inc. 17

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