深入探讨iOS应用架构 (True PDF)

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"Advanced iOS App Architecture (True PDF)" 是一本由René Cacheaux和Josh Berlin合著的专业书籍，版权属于Razeware LLC，出版日期为2019年5月1日。本书深入探讨了iOS应用的高级架构设计，旨在帮助开发者提升其iOS应用程序的质量和可维护性。在iOS开发中，高级应用架构涉及到许多关键知识点，包括但不限于： 1. **模块化设计**：书中可能涵盖了如何将大型项目分解为可管理的小模块，每个模块都有明确的职责，这有助于代码复用和降低复杂性。模块化可以采用组件化、子系统或服务化等不同形式。 2. **依赖注入**：这是一种设计模式，允许在运行时动态地向对象提供依赖，而不是硬编码它们。这增强了代码的灵活性，便于测试和维护。 3. **响应式编程**：可能讨论了ReactiveCocoa或SwiftUI等框架，它们允许开发者通过声明式方式处理用户界面和数据流，使代码更易于理解和调试。 4. **状态管理**：如Redux、MobX或MVVM（Model-View-ViewModel）模式，它们可以帮助开发者更好地组织和管理应用的状态，确保数据在组件间的正确传播。 5. **网络架构**：可能涵盖了RESTful API的设计、Alamofire或URLSession的使用，以及如何处理网络错误和缓存策略。 6. **数据持久化**：包括Core Data、SQLite、 Realm等数据库的使用，以及JSON序列化和归档等技术，用于存储和检索应用数据。 7. **测试驱动开发(TDD)** 和 **行为驱动开发(BDD)**：这些方法鼓励编写测试先行的代码，提高代码质量，并减少回归错误。 8. **性能优化**：可能涉及内存管理、CPU效率、动画性能、能源效率等方面，以确保应用在各种设备上流畅运行。 9. **跨平台兼容性**：随着Swift Package Manager的引入，可能会讨论如何构建可在多个平台（如iOS、macOS、watchOS和tvOS）上运行的代码。 10. **代码版本控制**：Git的使用，包括分支策略、合并冲突解决和代码审查，是协作开发的重要部分。 11. **持续集成/持续部署(CI/CD)**：如何设置自动化构建和部署流程，以确保代码的稳定性和快速迭代。 12. **用户界面设计原则**：遵循Apple的人机交互指南，创建符合iOS平台规范且用户体验良好的界面。此外，书籍的免责声明强调未经许可不得复制或分发内容，作者和版权所有者不对因使用该书中的软件或材料而产生的任何索赔、损害或其他责任负责。商标声明表示所有出现在书中的商标和注册商标均归各自所有者所有。 "Advanced iOS App Architecture" 是一本深度探索iOS应用高级架构的权威指南，适合有经验的iOS开发者提升他们的技能和项目架构设计能力。

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Chapter 2: Which

Architecture Is Right for Me?

By René Cacheaux

You might be wondering: Which architecture pattern is right for me? Honestly, there's

no perfect universal app architecture. An architecture that works best for one project

might not work best for your project. There are many different aspects to consider

when establishing an architecture for you and your team to follow. This chapter guides

you through the process of finding the best architecture for your project.

There's a lot that goes into shaping your app's codebase into a cohesive and effective

architecture. Knowing where to start can especially be overwhelming. Every single file

in your app's codebase plays a part in your app's architecture. There's no shortage of

architecture patterns. Unfortunately, most patterns only scratch the surface and leave

you to figure out the fine details. In addition, many patterns are similar to one another

and have only minor differences here and there.

All of this makes architecture hard to put into practice. Fortunately, there are pragmatic

steps you can take to ensure your architecture is effective:

1. Understand the current state of your codebase.

2. Identify problems you'd like to solve or code you'd like to improve.

3. Evaluate different architecture patterns.

4. Try a couple patterns on for size before committing to one.

5. Draw a line in the sand and define your app's baseline architecture.

6. Look back and determine if your architecture is effectively addressing the problems

you want to solve.

7. Iterate and evolve your app’s architecture over time.

raywenderlich.com

Notice how selecting an architecture pattern isn't the first item on the list. The reality

is that selecting an architecture pattern is less important than understanding the the

problems you're trying to solve using architectural patterns. Taking the time to

understand the problems you want to solve allows you to focus on the few aspects of

architecture that really make a difference. While many problems will be specific to your

project, there are several general problems you can solve through good architecture.

The next several sections cover these general problems in detail.

Identifying problems to solve

Before embarking on any architecture project, you should first identify and understand

the problems you'd like to solve. This will allow you to evaluate whether you're getting

the most out of your app's architecture. A good architecture enables you and your team

to easily and safely change code without a ton of risk. Making changes to code in a

codebase that is not architected well is expensive and risky. The two primary problems

that good architecture practices solve are slow team velocity and fragile code

quality. Additionally, good architecture practices can help you prevent rigid software.

The next sections cover these two primary problems followed by a section that covers

rigid software.

Boosting team velocity and

strengthening code quality

A good app architecture enables you to deliver features and bug fixes faster without

compromising on quality. On the other hand, a less-than-ideal architecture slows your

team down and makes your codebase very difficult to change without breaking existing

functionality. Knowing this, what problems should you be looking for? Which problems

can architecture solve? Here are several problems that, when present, lead to slow

velocity and fragile code quality:

• My app's codebase is hard to understand.

• Changing my app's codebase sometimes causes regressions.

• My app exhibits fragile behavior when running.

• My code is hard to re-use.

• Changes require large code refactors.

Advanced iOS App Architecture Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?

raywenderlich.com

Adding code to an existing type is much easier than coming up with a new type. When

creating a new type, you have to think about so many things: What should the type be

responsible for? How long should instances of this type live for? Should any existing

code be moved to this type? What if this new type needs access to state held by another

type?

Designing object-oriented systems takes time. When you're under pressure to deliver a

feature making this tradeoff can be difficult. The opportunity cost is hard to see. The

thing is, many problems are caused by large types – problems that will slow you down

and problems that will affect your code's quality. You'll read about examples of these

consequences in the following sections. For now, just know that breaking large types

into smaller types is a great way to improve your codebase's architecture.

Now that you're familiar with the root causes, you're ready to dig into the problems that

can cause slow team velocity and fragile code quality.

Examining the problems

If you're looking to boost your team's velocity and to strengthen your code's quality,

addressing the root causes is a good start. But you might be wondering how the root

causes affect team velocity and code quality.

Note: As you read the upcoming sections, keep in mind that highly

interdependent code and large types are just the common root causes. You'll see

these common root causes in almost all the problem sections below. However,

you'll also read about other, problem-specific, root causes.

With that in mind, it's time to examine the problems associated with team velocity and

code quality.

My app's codebase is hard to understand

Have you ever spent hours trying to figure out how a view controller works? Code is

inherently difficult to understand because code is textual. The connections between

files and types are hard to see. Having a solid understanding of how parts in your

codebase are connected really helps you reason about how your code works. Therefore,

the way an app is architected plays a huge role in the ease of code readability.

Advanced iOS App Architecture Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?

raywenderlich.com

There are several ways in which architecture can impact readability:

How long are your class implementations?

600 line view controllers are very difficult to understand. If all you need to know is how

a button functions, fishing through 600 lines of view controller code will take a lot of

valuable time. A good architecture breaks large chunks of code into small, modular

pieces that are easy to read and understand. The more an architecture encourages

locally encapsulated behavior and state, the easier the code will be to read. Think about

the current app you're working on. If a new team member joins your team tomorrow

and needs to understand a single view controller, what percentage of the app's overall

codebase will that developer need to understand? This is a good gauge to use when

evaluating how much your architecture is helping improve your code's readability.

Unfortunately, most architecture patterns don't emphasize this point enough. The good

news is that this practice can be applied to pretty much any architecture pattern. So

this is more of a universal aspect of architecture.

How many global variables does your codebase have, and how many objects are

instantiated directly in another object?

The more your objects directly depend on each other and the more your objects depend

on global state, the less information a developer will have when reading a single file.

This makes it incredibly difficult to know how a change in a file might affect code living

in another file. This forces developers to Command-click into tons of files in order to

piece together the control flow. This takes a lot of time. Similar to class size, carefully

managing dependencies is unfortunately not emphasized enough by popular

architecture patterns. Carefully managing dependencies is a universal aspect that can

be applied to any architecture pattern. In fact, we apply this aspect to every

architecture code example that ships with this book. We also dedicated a whole chapter

to this. You can read more about managing dependencies in Chapter 4.

How differently are your view controllers implemented across your app's

codebase?

Developers, including your future self, will spend a lot of time figuring things out if

different features are implemented using different architecture patterns. Human brains

are amazing at identifying patterns. You can take advantage of this ability by ensuring

your codebase follows similar architecture patterns throughout. Having a consistent

structure drastically reduces the cognitive overhead required to understand code. In

turn, developers will feel more comfortable changing and improving older parts of an

app's codebase because they'll understand the common patterns.

Advanced iOS App Architecture Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?

raywenderlich.com

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