IEEE802.15.4-2020标准详解：物联网无线网络核心技术

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"IEEE802.15.4-2020是物联网领域的一个重要标准，由IEEE计算机学会的局域网/城域网标准委员会制定。该标准定义了低速率无线网络的规范，主要适用于低功耗、短距离通信的场景。此版本是对2015年版本的修订，提供了最新的技术要求和改进。" 本文档是IEEE 802.15.4-2020标准的官方完整版，它在物联网(IoT)领域扮演着核心角色，特别是对于那些需要高效、节能和可靠通信的设备。这个标准主要关注低速率无线个人区域网络(LR-WPAN)，它被广泛应用于传感器网络、智能家居、智能建筑、工业自动化和医疗健康监测等众多领域。 IEEE 802.15.4标准的核心内容包括以下几个方面： 1. **物理层(Physical Layer, PHY)**：定义了多种不同的调制解调方式和频率范围，例如2.4 GHz频段用于全球通用，而868 MHz和915 MHz频段则针对欧洲和北美地区。这些频段提供了多个信道以避免干扰，并且支持不同数据传输速率，如250 kbps（2.4 GHz）和20 kbps（868/915 MHz）。 2. **媒体访问控制层(Medium Access Control, MAC)**：规定了网络节点如何共享无线介质，采用CSMA/CA（载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免）机制来防止数据包碰撞。MAC层还支持两种操作模式：自组织网络（Ad Hoc）和星型网络（Coordinator）。 3. **网络层(Network Layer)**：虽然IEEE 802.15.4标准本身并未提供完整的网络层，但通常与Zigbee、Thread或6LoWPAN等协议一起使用，以实现更复杂的功能，如路由、安全性和网络管理。 4. **安全特性**：标准包含了基本的安全框架，支持对等身份验证、加密和完整性保护，以确保网络通信的安全性。 5. **设备角色和网络结构**：定义了不同类型的设备角色，如协调器、路由器和终端设备，以及它们如何组成网络。这些角色支持网络的灵活配置，以适应不同的应用需求。 6. **功耗优化**：考虑到物联网设备通常需要长时间运行，标准特别强调低功耗设计，包括休眠模式和能量检测等机制。 7. **互操作性和兼容性**：确保不同制造商的设备遵循同一标准，能够无缝通信，这对于大规模部署和设备间协作至关重要。 802.15.4标准的最新2020版可能包含对前一版本的增强，如提高能效、增加新的功能或者对现有功能进行优化，以适应不断发展的物联网技术需求。此外，文中提到的802.15.4g（LoRa）和802.15.4z（UWB）分别扩展了标准，以支持LoRa的长距离通信和超宽带通信技术，而ZigBee和NB-IoT则是基于802.15.4标准的上层协议，用于构建更复杂的网络和服务。 IEEE 802.15.4-2020是物联网世界的一个基石，它的详细内容对于理解低功耗无线通信、设备间的交互以及如何构建高效、可靠的IoT网络至关重要。无论是研究者、开发者还是对此领域感兴趣的学生，都能从中受益，为理解和实践物联网技术打下坚实的基础。

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The current revision of the standard was revised to include six approved amendments subsequent to the 2015

revision. This effort added two more PHY amendments and one MAC amendment, with corrigenda and

clarifications. The features added by the amendments include the following:

— A variety of new PHY modulation, coding, and band options to support a wide variety of application

needs including smart utility networks (SUNs), china medical band (CMB), ternary amplitude shift

keying (TASK) and rate switch Gaussian frequency shift keying (RS-GFSK)

Much of the corrigenda and clarifications were collected from requests from individuals after the revision in

2015. Major corrigenda items included changes to the transmission order of the address field.

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Contents

1. Overview............................................................................................................................................ 33

1.1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................... 33

1.2 Purpose....................................................................................................................................... 33

2. Normative references......................................................................................................................... 34

3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations.......................................................................................... 35

3.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 35

3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 36

4. Format conventions............................................................................................................................ 40

4.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 40

4.2 Fields.......................................................................................................................................... 40

4.3 Numbers..................................................................................................................................... 41

4.4 Strings ........................................................................................................................................ 41

4.5 Transmission order .................................................................................................................... 41

4.5.1 General......................................................................................................................... 41

4.5.2 Vendor OUI transmission order................................................................................... 42

4.6 Reserved fields and values......................................................................................................... 42

5. General description ............................................................................................................................ 43

5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 43

5.2 Special application spaces ......................................................................................................... 43

5.2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 43

5.2.2 Smart utility network (SUN)........................................................................................ 43

5.2.3 Rail communications and control (RCC)..................................................................... 43

5.2.4 Television white space (TVWS).................................................................................. 44

5.2.5 Radio frequency identification (RFID)........................................................................ 44

5.2.6 Low-energy, critical infrastructure monitoring (LECIM) ........................................... 44

5.2.7 Medical body area network (MBAN) services ............................................................ 44

5.2.8 China medical band (CMB)......................................................................................... 44

5.3 Components of the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN................................................................................ 45

5.4 Multi-PHY management (MPM) of the SUN WPAN............................................................... 45

5.5 Network topologies.................................................................................................................... 45

5.5.1 General......................................................................................................................... 45

5.5.2 Star network formation ................................................................................................ 46

5.5.3 Peer-to-peer network formation................................................................................... 46

5.6 Architecture ............................................................................................................................... 47

5.6.1 General......................................................................................................................... 47

5.6.2 PHY ............................................................................................................................. 48

5.6.3 MAC sublayer.............................................................................................................. 49

5.7 Functional overview .................................................................................................................. 49

5.7.1 Superframe structure.................................................................................................... 49

5.7.2 Data transfer model...................................................................................................... 51

5.7.3 Frame structure ............................................................................................................52

5.7.4 Information element (IEs)............................................................................................ 52

5.7.5 Access methods............................................................................................................

5.7.6 Power consumption considerations ............................................................................. 53

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5.7.7 Security ........................................................................................................................ 54

5.7.8 Enabling spectrum resource measurement capability.................................................. 55

5.8 Concept of primitives................................................................................................................. 56

6. MAC functional description .............................................................................................................. 57

6.1 Device types and conventions.................................................................................................... 57

6.2 Channel access........................................................................................................................... 57

6.2.1 Superframe structure.................................................................................................... 57

6.2.2 Incoming and outgoing superframe timing.................................................................. 59

6.2.3 Enhanced Beacon frame timing for MPM procedure.................................................. 60

6.2.4 IFS................................................................................................................................ 61

6.2.5 Random access methods .............................................................................................. 62

6.2.6 TSCH slotframe structure ............................................................................................ 69

6.2.7 LE functional description............................................................................................. 71

6.2.8 Superframe use for TMCTP operation ........................................................................ 71

6.2.9 Rail communications and control network (RCCN) superframe structure.................. 72

6.2.10 Channel hopping .......................................................................................................... 73

6.3 Starting and maintaining PANs ................................................................................................. 75

6.3.1 Scanning through channels .......................................................................................... 75

6.3.2 PAN ID conflict resolution .......................................................................................... 81

6.3.3 Starting and realigning a PAN ..................................................................................... 82

6.3.4 Beacon generation........................................................................................................ 84

6.3.5 Device discovery.......................................................................................................... 86

6.3.6 TSCH PAN formation ................................................................................................. 86

6.4 Association and disassociation .................................................................................................. 88

6.4.1 Association................................................................................................................... 88

6.4.2 Disassociation .............................................................................................................. 91

6.4.3 Fast association ............................................................................................................ 92

6.5 Synchronization ......................................................................................................................... 93

6.5.1 General......................................................................................................................... 93

6.5.2 Synchronization with beacons ..................................................................................... 93

6.5.3 Synchronization without beacons ................................................................................ 95

6.5.4 Synchronization in TSCH PAN................................................................................... 95

6.5.5 Orphaned device realignment ...................................................................................... 98

6.6 Transaction handling.................................................................................................................. 98

6.7 Transmission, reception, and acknowledgment....................................................................... 100

6.7.1 Transmission..............................................................................................................

100

6.7.2 Reception and rejection ............................................................................................. 101

6.7.3 Extracting pending data from a coordinator .............................................................. 103

6.7.4 Use of acknowledgments and retransmissions .......................................................... 104

6.7.5 Transmission timing restrictions................................................................................ 107

6.7.6 Guard time .................................................................................................................108

6.7.7 Promiscuous mode..................................................................................................... 109

6.7.8 Transmission scenarios .............................................................................................. 109

6.7.9 Device announcement................................................................................................ 111

6.8 GTS allocation and management............................................................................................. 111

6.8.1 GTS general requirements ......................................................................................... 111

6.8.2 CAP maintenance ...................................................................................................... 112

6.8.3 GTS allocation ........................................................................................................... 112

6.8.4 GTS usage..................................................................................................................113

6.8.5 GTS deallocation ....................................................................................................... 114

6.8.6 GTS reallocation ........................................................................................................ 115

6.8.7 GTS expiration........................................................................................................... 117

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6.9 Ranging.................................................................................................................................... 117

6.9.1 Ranging requirements ................................................................................................ 117

6.9.2 Set-up activities before a ranging exchange .............................................................. 118

6.9.3 Finish-up activities after a ranging exchange ............................................................ 118

6.9.4 Managing DPS........................................................................................................... 118

6.9.5 The ranging exchange................................................................................................ 120

6.10 PHY parameter change notification procedure........................................................................ 120

6.10.1 Signaling using Beacon frames.................................................................................. 120

6.10.2 Signaling using multipurpose frames ........................................................................ 121

6.11 Deterministic and synchronous multichannel extension (DSME)........................................... 122

6.11.1 DSME command requirements.................................................................................. 122

6.11.2 DSME multi-superframe structure............................................................................. 122

6.11.3 Channel diversity ....................................................................................................... 124

6.11.4 CAP reduction............................................................................................................ 126

6.11.5 DSME GTS allocation and management................................................................... 127

6.11.6 Beacon scheduling ..................................................................................................... 133

6.11.7 Time synchronization ................................................................................................ 134

6.11.8 Deferred beacon......................................................................................................... 135

6.11.9 Passive channel scan.................................................................................................. 135

6.12 LE transmission, reception, and acknowledgment .................................................................. 136

6.12.1 LE transmission, reception, and acknowledgment with positive handshakes ........... 136

6.12.2 Coordinated sampled listening (CSL)........................................................................ 136

6.12.3 RIT ............................................................................................................................. 140

6.12.4 Implicit RIT (I-RIT)................................................................................................... 143

6.13 Starting and maintaining TMCTPs .......................................................................................... 143

6.14 MPM procedure for inter-PHY coexistence ............................................................................ 147

6.15 TVWS access procedures ........................................................................................................ 149

6.15.1 General....................................................................................................................... 149

6.15.2 Channel timing management (CTM)......................................................................... 150

6.16 Spectrum Resource Measurement (SRM) ............................................................................... 151

6.16.1 General....................................................................................................................... 151

6.16.2 SRM Performance Metrics ........................................................................................ 151

6.16.3 SRM functionality...................................................................................................... 157

6.17 Using Link Margin IE.............................................................................................................. 160

7. MAC frame formats......................................................................................................................... 161

7.1 Device extended address.......................................................................................................... 161

7.2 General MAC frame format.....................................................................................................161

7.2.1 General....................................................................................................................... 161

7.2.2 Frame Control field.................................................................................................... 162

7.2.3 Sequence Number field.............................................................................................. 165

7.2.4 Destination PAN ID field .......................................................................................... 166

7.2.5 Destination Address field........................................................................................... 166

7.2.6 Source PAN ID field.................................................................................................. 166

7.2.7 Source Address field.................................................................................................. 166

7.2.8 Auxiliary Security Header field................................................................................. 166

7.2.9 IE field ....................................................................................................................... 166

7.2.10 Frame Payload field ................................................................................................... 167

7.2.11 FCS field .................................................................................................................... 167

7.3 Format of individual frame types.............................................................................................169

7.3.1 Beacon frame format ................................................................................................. 169

7.3.2 Data frame format...................................................................................................... 173

7.3.3 Ack frame format....................................................................................................... 174

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7.3.4 MAC command frame format.................................................................................... 175

7.3.5 Multipurpose frame format........................................................................................ 176

7.3.6 Extended frame format .............................................................................................. 179

7.4 IEs ............................................................................................................................................ 179

7.4.1 IE list termination ...................................................................................................... 179

7.4.2 Header IEs.................................................................................................................. 180

7.4.3 Payload IEs ................................................................................................................197

7.4.4 Nested IE.................................................................................................................... 198

7.5 MAC commands ...................................................................................................................... 237

7.5.1 Command ID field ..................................................................................................... 237

7.5.2 Association Request command.................................................................................. 239

7.5.3 Association Response command ............................................................................... 240

7.5.4 Disassociation Notification command ....................................................................... 241

7.5.5 Data Request command ............................................................................................. 242

7.5.6 PAN ID Conflict Notification command ................................................................... 243

7.5.7 Orphan Notification command .................................................................................. 243

7.5.8 Beacon Request command......................................................................................... 243

7.5.9 Enhanced Beacon Request command ........................................................................ 243

7.5.10 Coordinator Realignment command.......................................................................... 244

7.5.11 GTS request command............................................................................................... 245

7.5.12 DSME Association Request command...................................................................... 246

7.5.13 DSME Association Response command ................................................................... 247

7.5.14 DSME GTS Request command ................................................................................. 249

7.5.15 DSME GTS Response command............................................................................... 251

7.5.16 DSME GTS Notify command.................................................................................... 253

7.5.17 DSME Information Request command...................................................................... 254

7.5.18 DSME Information Response command ................................................................... 254

7.5.19 DSME Beacon Allocation Notification command .................................................... 255

7.5.20 DSME Beacon Collision Notification command....................................................... 256

7.5.21 DSME Link Report command ................................................................................... 256

7.5.22 RIT Data Request command...................................................................................... 257

7.5.23 DBS Request command ............................................................................................. 258

7.5.24 DBS Response command........................................................................................... 259

7.5.25 RIT Data Response command ................................................................................... 260

7.5.26 SRM Request command ............................................................................................ 260

7.5.27 SRM Response command.......................................................................................... 262

7.5.28 SRM Report command .............................................................................................. 262

7.5.29 SRM Information command ...................................................................................... 263

7.5.30 Vendor Specific command......................................................................................... 264

8. MAC services ................................................................................................................................. 265

8.1 Overview.................................................................................................................................. 265

8.2 MAC management service.......................................................................................................265

8.2.1 Primitives supported by the MLME-SAP interface................................................... 265

8.2.2 Common requirements for MLME primitives........................................................... 267

8.2.3 Association primitives ............................................................................................... 268

8.2.4 Disassociation primitives ........................................................................................... 275

8.2.5 Communications notification primitives ................................................................... 278

8.2.6 Primitives for reading and writing PIB attributes ...................................................... 285

8.2.7 GTS management primitives ..................................................................................... 288

8.2.8 Primitives for orphan notification.............................................................................. 291

8.2.9 Primitives for resetting the MAC sublayer ................................................................ 293

8.2.10 Primitives for specifying the receiver enable time .................................................... 294

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