专业PHP编程进阶指南

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"本书是《PHP高级编程》，由Wrox Press出版，作者包括Jesus Castagnetto、Harish Rawat、Sascha Schumann、Chris Scollo和Deepak Veliath等。这本书主要针对ASP.NET、PHP、JavaScript和Ajax等技术提供教程，旨在深入探讨PHP编程。" 在PHP高级编程中，读者可以期待学习到以下关键知识点： 1. **PHP基础**：首先，书中会涵盖PHP的基础概念，包括变量、数据类型、控制结构（如if-else，switch-case）、循环（for，while，do-while）以及函数的使用。 2. **面向对象编程**：PHP支持面向对象编程，书中的高级部分会详细介绍类、对象、继承、多态和封装等概念，帮助开发者创建更复杂的代码结构。 3. **错误处理与调试**：学习如何有效地处理程序中的错误和异常，以及使用调试工具来定位和解决问题，这对于编写健壮的PHP应用至关重要。 4. **文件系统操作**：PHP可以进行文件和目录的管理，包括读写文件、创建和删除目录等，这部分内容对于处理用户上传或服务器端的数据存储非常有用。 5. **数据库交互**：PHP通常与MySQL等数据库系统结合使用，书中会讲解如何使用PDO或mysqli扩展进行数据库连接、查询、事务处理等。 6. **网络编程**：涉及HTTP协议、cookies、session管理以及发送HTTP请求的方法，这些都是构建Web应用程序的基础。 7. **PHP与XML**：XML是数据交换的常见格式，书中会介绍如何在PHP中解析和生成XML文档，以及使用XPath和DOM等工具处理XML数据。 8. **AJAX技术**：利用JavaScript和XMLHttpRequest对象实现页面无刷新更新，提升用户体验，书中会展示如何在PHP项目中集成AJAX。 9. **安全性**：涵盖安全编程实践，如防止SQL注入、XSS攻击、CSRF攻击等，确保Web应用的安全性。 10. **性能优化**：讨论如何优化PHP代码以提高运行效率，包括内存管理、缓存策略和代码优化技巧。 11. **框架和库的使用**：可能会介绍一些流行的PHP框架，如Laravel、Symfony或CodeIgniter，以及使用Composer管理依赖。 12. **PHP与Web服务**：介绍如何通过RESTful API设计和消费Web服务，以及使用SOAP和cURL进行Web服务交互。 13. **部署与持续集成**：涵盖服务器配置、版本控制、自动化部署和持续集成工具的使用，以确保代码的稳定性和可维护性。 14. **单元测试与自动化测试**：学习如何使用PHPUnit等工具编写和执行单元测试，确保代码质量。 15. **最佳实践与设计模式**：分享PHP开发中的最佳实践，如MVC模式、工厂模式、单例模式等，提升代码质量和可扩展性。《PHP高级编程》这本书将为有经验的PHP开发者提供深入的技术指导，帮助他们提升技能，解决实际开发中的问题，并探索PHP语言的高级特性和现代Web开发的最佳实践。

knows, maybe your modification gets to be so popular that others may want to use it (hey! instant

fame). And you cannot beat the total price for a development environment using the combination of

Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP, not only cheaper than other more proprietary environments, but also

more stable and robust. As Eric Raymond said "given enough eyes, all bugs are shallow".

It All Began...

Some time in 1994 when Rasmus Lerdorf put together a bunch of Perl scripts to track down who was

looking at his resume. Little by little, people started to get interested in the scripts, and they were later

released as a package "Personal Home Page" tools (the first meaning of PHP). In view of the interest,

he wrote a scripting engine and incorporated another tool to parse input from HTML forms: FI, Form

Interpreter, thus creating what was called variously PHP/FI or PHP2. This was done around mid 1995.

Soon, people started to use these tools to do more complicated things, and the development changed

from just one person, to a group of core developers in charge of the project and its organization. This

was the beginning of PHP3. This group of developers (Rasmus Lerdorf, Andi Gutmans, Zeev Suraski,

Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, and Jim Winstead), improved and extended the scripting engine and

added a simple API that will allow other programmers the liberty to add more functionality to the

language by writing modules for it. The language's syntax was also refined, with constructs that will be

familiar for people coming from object oriented or procedural languages. If you know C, C++ or Java,

or have done even some shell/awk scripting, or written a Pascal or VBasic program, learning the basic

PHP constructs will be a breeze.

The PHP language features the usual complement of control structures, operators, variable types,

function declarations and class/object declarations that we have been accustomed to expect from any

compiled or interpreted language, and yet it also has features of its own. For example, in C you employ

pointers, in other scripting languages this can be cumbersome or even not possible, but in PHP this is

just one use of variable variables (discussed in detail later in the book), as the code below shows:

$peru = array("domain"=>"pe", "capital"=>"Lima");

$japan = array("domain"=>"jp", "capital"=>"Tokyo");

function show ( $country ) {

echo "Internet domain = ".${$country}["domain"]."\n";

echo "Capital city = ".${$country}["capital"]."\n";

}

show ("peru");

// Prints:

// Internet domain = pe

// Capital city = Lima

show ("japan");

// Prints:

// Internet domain = jp

// Capital city = Tokyo

The trick is in the

${$country}[] call, which in turn is equivalent to using $peru[] or

$japan[]. But that is not all, what if you want to make a function that uses another one for

comparing a couple of items. An idea similar to the one shown above allows us to pass different

comparison functions in the main function parameters:

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function bigger($x, $y, $comp_func) {

if ( $comp_func($x, $y) ) {

$out = "Item ".$x." is bigger than ".$y;

} else {

$out = "Item ".$x." is not bigger than ".$y;

}

return $out;

}

bigger(2, 1, "num_comp");

// will use the function num_comp() to compare the numbers

bigger("epsilon", "gamma", "greek_comp");

// will compare the strings as names of greek alphabet characters

In this way making general handling routines is simpler, and no, there is no typo above, it is

$comp_func and not $$comp_func, think a little about it and you will see why.

Don’t worry if much of the above doesn’t make sense at this moment. These examples are just a taste

of what is to come in the rest of the book and will be fully explained.

And the Current Situation is...

PHP version 4 (PHP4), based on the Zend engine (details at http://www.zend.com/). This

scripting engine has been designed from the ground up to be easily embeddable in different

applications. PHP4 is the first application using the Zend engine, but it could also be included in other

packages, for example in MySQL (which could be a good way to enable stored procedures in that

database).

There is already a beta version of PHP4 (beta 3 when this book was written). I will recommend a visit

to the Zend web site for more information; particularly tantalizing is the possibility of using COM and

perhaps CORBA with this engine.

It is also easy to note a trend towards more and more sites using PHP for their scripting needs. The

statistics (available at the main PHP site's usage page, http://www.php.net/usage.php3;

courtesy of Netcraft, http://www.netcraft.com/), show a continuous increase in the total

number of domains and IPs using PHP as an internal Apache module (about 1,000,000 virtual servers).

There is also a good number of sites using PHP as a stand-alone module and these will not show in the

surveys that Netcraft conducts.

Notable is also that mod_PHP (as the corresponding Apache module is called) is the most popular

module for the most popular web server in the Internet (E-Soft Inc.'s web survey, http://www.e-

softinc.com/survey/). Even a cautious forecast will predict a steady increase of the usage of

PHP, even more when the final PHP4 version appears with all the promise that the Zend engine holds.

Book Style and Organization

The book will emphasize clarity over conceptual profundity and practical real-world examples over

abstract examples (such as "Hello World" and "$foobar = 1"). Our aim is to present code that is useful

(with little modification) to the reader, not intricate technical discussions. These examples will try to

be as web browser-neutral as possible, which is a good strategy for any robust web application. Use of

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platform specific client browser features will be avoided, e.g. if JavaScript is generated, this will be

constructed so it will work well independently of whether the user runs Internet Explorer under

Windows or Netscape Navigator on a Solaris box.

Although PHP development requires the use of other technologies such as HTML, SQL, and HTTP

servers, this book will not attempt to be a full resource on those subject areas. Technologies other than

PHP will be addressed only in the context of their use and interaction with PHP. For example, we will

not discuss at length the basis of XML and its specification. We will, however, demonstrate how to use

MySQL and PHP together to build a web database application.

We divide this book into a number of sections. The first section introduces the basics of the language

with clear and "real life" examples, that is we tried to avoid making "Hello World"-like scripts, after

all you want to develop solutions for a web application. The second section will contain chapters

showing more complex use of PHP functions (databases, image creation, etc.). The third section will

deal with fully discussed applications (such as a shopping cart application). And finally we are

including a section with appendices containing a general reference on the language, as well as

discussions on the open source concept and similar topics.

In Closing

This book will cover the core language of PHP, including issues such as installation and configuration,

and demonstrations of the practical use of the language. The focus is on common business needs, such

as database application development and e-commerce. Explicit mention will be made of the pros and

cons of certain approaches, and the trade-offs involved. In the end, our aim is to provide you with a

new and powerful tool, so that you, the web application developer, will be able to create a better

project in a shorter period of time.

If we at least convince you to consider PHP as a viable alternative for your projects, we will be happy.

And even more, if you decide not only to think about using it, but actually go ahead and use it for real

and then participate in the community of all the other PHP developers, that my friend will make us feel

warm all over (as the saying goes). So, sit back, grab some coffee and enjoy.

Useful Websites

Here is a preliminary list of websites you may like to visit to keep up-to-date with developments in

PHP, Apache and MySQL. A fuller reference list is included in the appendices at the end of this book.

❑ PHP site: http://www.php.net/

❑ PHPBuilder site: http://www.phpbuilder.com/

❑ Apache Project site: http://www.apache.org/

❑ MySQL site: http://www.mysql.com/

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Installing and Configuring PHP

In this chapter we shall explore the ways and means to get us equipped with a working version of

PHP. We will configure PHP so that it is able to utilize MySQL, which we will be using as our

preferred choice of database product. We will also add two of the many extensions that PHP supports:

Boutell's GD library (for image creation and manipulation) and Expat (for XML parser support).

PHP comes with a myriad of options, both to build the distribution and also to configure an

installation. PHP supports several APIs and interfaces to other programming tools. The sheer number

of these tools is daunting, not to speak of the configuration possibilities for each of these. Before we

get involved in the detail of installing PHP, it would be worthwhile to consider what we would expect

to do with PHP in the near future. Depending on this we need to include only those particular modules

that are germane to the kind of stuff we plan to do with the installation.

The advantage with choosing only the modules that we need is obviously a smaller binary and the

performance benefits associated with it. We could always load the less frequently used modules

explicitly, but if we use this strategy with frequently used ones the installation mostly takes a

performance hit.

In the first section we shall take a look at the installation part with small digressions on common

pitfalls while installing and how to circumvent them. In the latter section we shall look at configuring

PHP to suit our expected usage pattern.

During the course of this chapter we shall be looking at:

❑ PHP’s scope and dependency on other software. Why is this dependency there?

❑ Getting us to quickly installing a working version of PHP. We could then go on and change

the configuration to suit our needs.

❑ Various options in terms of platforms and configurations for installing PHP.

❑ Exploring the various mechanisms of configuring PHP – build-time settings, configuration

files, etc.

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❑ Configuration of PHP with respect to database options, mail options, security and a few

general options.

Installation

PHP is supported on quite a few platforms, many of them UNIX-like and of course on Microsoft’s

operating systems supporting the Win32 environment. Since PHP cannot do much without a web

server, when we talk of installing PHP on a platform, we also need to take into consideration the web

server that we plan to use.

Platforms and Web Servers

On the UNIX front, Apache is the web server of choice for most installations. PHP is rated as the

second most popular Apache module, where it is found to perform very well. PHP can be compiled as

a standalone interpreter, like any other CGI scripting language or it can be compiled as an Apache

module. Apache is also available on the Windows platform and PHP is supported for this combination.

FHTTPd is an open source, UNIX-only web server for which PHP can be configured as a module.

PHP distributions for Microsoft’s web server solutions IIS 3 up to IIS 5, PWS on Windows95/98 and

NT are available. Omni HTTPd for Windows is another supported web server among others for which

results may vary.

There are a number of other web servers that can be used with PHP, like Xitami for instance, but it

must also be remembered that Apache is the only web server for which PHP can be compiled as a

module – the rest are CGI interpreter installations.

PHP Modules

PHP has support, by way of APIs and interfaces to a vast chest of tools and platforms. Most of these

tools or add-on modules are available as libraries (DLLs in Windows parlance). We shall see some

common tools supported by PHP:

❑ A large number of databases are supported for connectivity by PHP. As of PHP 3, these

include Adabas, dBase, Empress, FilePro, Informix, InterBase, mSQL, MySQL, Oracle,

PostgreSQLQL, Solid, Sybase, Velocis and several flavors of the Unix dbm,. Any other

database that supports ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) can be accessed using PHP’s

ODBC support, e.g. IBM’s DB2 database.

❑ LDAP (Light-weight Directory Access Protocol) is another supported protocol. PHP provides

APIs for writing LDAP client programs. LDAP is a protocol used to access directory related

information such as address books, white pages etc.

❑ XML (eXtended Markup Language) touted as the future language of the web is also

supported. XML (among others) separates content or the information that a web page holds

from the presentation of the page. WDDX (Web Distributed Data eXchange) a technology

derived from XML is also supported.

❑ Mail protocols such as IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol) and SMTP (Simple Mail

Transport Protocol) are supported. IMAP is a protocol used for mail retrieval and SMTP is

used for routing mail on the Internet.

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