Java初学者指南（第6版）：Schildt深度解析

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"《JAVA：初学者指南》（第六版）[Schildt, 2014]是一本由赫伯特·施莱德尔（Herbert Schildt）撰写的经典入门教材。作为编程领域的一位畅销书作家，施莱德尔拥有近三十年的编程经验，是Java语言的权威专家。他的作品在全球范围内广受欢迎，被翻译成多种主要语言，包括《Java：完整参考》、《赫伯特·施莱德尔Java编程烹饪手册》以及《Swing：初学者指南》等。本书专注于Java编程的基础知识，适合那些初次接触Java的读者。施莱德尔不仅在Java方面有深厚造诣，还涉足C、C++和C#等其他编程语言，他的专长涵盖编译器、解释器和机器人控制语言等领域。他对计算机语言标准化的贡献也是他学术生涯的重要部分。本书的技术审阅者丹尼·考德博士（Dr. Danny Croward）参与了Java平台所有版本的研发工作。他在Java Servlets的早期版本，即Java EE平台，以及Web服务在Java ME平台的应用上都发挥了关键作用。他的专业背景使得本书的内容既全面又深入，能够帮助读者系统地理解和掌握Java技术。《JAVA：初学者指南》第六版不仅提供了创建、编译和运行Java程序的基础教程，还涵盖了语言的核心概念、类和对象、异常处理、数据类型、控制结构、集合框架等内容。此外，书中还穿插了大量的实例和练习，以便读者通过实践巩固理论知识。对于想要踏入Java编程世界的新手来说，这是一本不可或缺的入门书籍，它将帮助他们建立起坚实的编程基础，并为后续进阶学习打下坚实的基础。"

Using Buttons and Events

Event Basics

Introducing the Button Control

Demonstrating Event Handling and the Button

Three More JavaFX Controls

CheckBox

Try This 17-1: Use the CheckBox Indeterminate State

ListView

TextField

Introducing Effects and Transforms

Effects

Transforms

Demonstrating Effects and Transforms

What Next?

Chapter 17 Self Test

A Answers to Self Tests

Chapter 1: Java Fundamentals

Chapter 2: Introducing Data Types and Operators

Chapter 3: Program Control Statements

Chapter 4: Introducing Classes, Objects, and Methods

Chapter 5: More Data Types and Operators

Chapter 6: A Closer Look at Methods and Classes

Chapter 7: Inheritance

Chapter 8: Packages and Interfaces

Chapter 9: Exception Handling

Chapter 10: Using I/O

Chapter 11: Multithreaded Programming

Chapter 12: Enumerations, Autoboxing, Static Import, and Annotations

Chapter 13: Generics

Chapter 14: Lambda Expressions and Method References

Chapter 15: Applets, Events, and Miscellaneous Topics

Chapter 16: Introducing Swing

Chapter 17: Introducing JavaFX

B Using Java’s Documentation Comments

The javadoc Tags

@author

{@code}

@deprecated

{@docRoot}

@exception

{@inheritDoc}

{@link}

{@linkplain}

Introduction

The purpose of this book is to teach you the fundamentals of Java programming. It uses a step-by-

step approach complete with numerous examples, self tests, and projects. It assumes no previous

programming experience. The book starts with the basics, such as how to compile and run a Java

program. It then discusses the keywords, features, and constructs that form the core of the Java

language. You’ll also find coverage of some of Java’s most advanced features, including

multithreaded programming and generics. An introduction to the fundamentals of Swing and JavaFX

concludes the book. By the time you finish, you will have a firm grasp of the essentials of Java

programming.

It is important to state at the outset that this book is just a starting point. Java is more than just the

elements that define the language. Java also includes extensive libraries and tools that aid in the

development of programs. To be a top-notch Java programmer implies mastery of these areas, too.

After completing this book, you will have the knowledge to pursue any and all other aspects of Java.

The Evolution of Java

Only a few languages have fundamentally reshaped the very essence of programming. In this elite

group, one stands out because its impact was both rapid and widespread. This language is, of course,

Java. It is not an overstatement to say that the original release of Java 1.0 in 1995 by Sun

Microsystems, Inc., caused a revolution in programming. This revolution radically transformed the

Web into a highly interactive environment. In the process, Java set a new standard in computer

language design.

Over the years, Java has continued to grow, evolve, and otherwise redefine itself. Unlike many

other languages, which are slow to incorporate new features, Java has often been at the forefront of

computer language development. One reason for this is the culture of innovation and change that came

to surround Java. As a result, Java has gone through several upgrades—some relatively small, others

more significant.

The first major update to Java was version 1.1. The features added by Java 1.1 were more

substantial than the increase in the minor revision number would have you think. For example, Java

1.1 added many new library elements, redefined the way events are handled, and reconfigured many

features of the original 1.0 library.

The next major release of Java was Java 2, where the 2 indicates “second generation.” The

creation of Java 2 was a watershed event, marking the beginning of Java’s “modern age.” The first

release of Java 2 carried the version number 1.2. It may seem odd that the first release of Java 2 used

the 1.2 version number. The reason is that it originally referred to the internal version number of the

Java libraries but then was generalized to refer to the entire release, itself. With Java 2, Sun

repackaged the Java product as J2SE (Java 2 Platform Standard Edition), and the version numbers

began to be applied to that product.

The next upgrade of Java was J2SE 1.3. This version of Java was the first major upgrade to the

original Java 2 release. For the most part, it added to existing functionality and “tightened up” the

development environment. The release of J2SE 1.4 further enhanced Java. This release contained

several important new features, including chained exceptions, channel-based I/O, and the assert

keyword.

The release of J2SE 5 created nothing short of a second Java revolution. Unlike most of the

previous Java upgrades, which offered important but incremental improvements, J2SE 5

fundamentally expanded the scope, power, and range of the language. To give you an idea of the

magnitude of the changes caused by J2SE 5, here is a list of its major new features:

Generics

Autoboxing/unboxing

Enumerations

The enhanced “for-each” style for loop

Variable-length arguments (varargs)

Static import

Annotations

This is not a list of minor tweaks or incremental upgrades. Each item in the list represents a

significant addition to the Java language. Some, such as generics, the enhanced for loop, and varargs,

introduced new syntax elements. Others, such as autoboxing and auto-unboxing, altered the semantics

of the language. Annotations added an entirely new dimension to programming.

The importance of these new features is reflected in the use of the version number “5.” The next

version number for Java would normally have been 1.5. However, the new features were so

significant that a shift from 1.4 to 1.5 just didn’t seem to express the magnitude of the change. Instead,

Sun elected to increase the version number to 5 as a way of emphasizing that a major event was taking

place. Thus, it was named J2SE 5, and the Java Development Kit (JDK) was called JDK 5. In order

to maintain consistency, however, Sun decided to use 1.5 as its internal version number, which is

also referred to as the developer version number. The “5” in J2SE 5 is called the product version

number.

The next release of Java was called Java SE 6, and Sun once again decided to change the name of

the Java platform. First, notice that the “2” has been dropped. Thus, the platform now had the name

Java SE, and the official product name was Java Platform, Standard Edition 6, with the

development kit being called JDK 6. As with J2SE 5, the 6 in Java SE 6 is the product version

number. The internal, developer version number is 1.6.

Java SE 6 built on the base of J2SE 5, adding incremental improvements. Java SE 6 added no

major features to the Java language proper, but it did enhance the API libraries, added several new

packages, and offered improvements to the run time. It also went through several updates during its

long (in Java terms) life cycle, with several upgrades added along the way. In general, Java SE 6

served to further solidify the advances made by J2SE 5.

The next release of Java was called Java SE 7, with the development kit being called JDK 7. It has

an internal version number of 1.7. Java SE 7 was the first major release of Java after Sun

Microsystems was acquired by Oracle. Java SE 7 added several new features, including significant

additions to the language and the API libraries. Some of the most important features added by Java SE

7 were those developed as part of Project Coin. The purpose of Project Coin was to identify a

number of small changes to the Java language that would be incorporated into JDK 7, including

A String can control a switch statement.

Binary integer literals.

Underscores in numeric literals.

An expanded try statement, called try-with-resources, that supports automatic resource

management.

Type inference (via the diamond operator) when constructing a generic instance.

Enhanced exception handling in which two or more exceptions can be caught by a single catch

(multicatch) and better type checking for exceptions that are rethrown.

As you can see, even though the Project Coin features were considered to be small changes to the

language, their benefits were much larger than the qualifier “small” would suggest. In particular, the

try-with-resources statement profoundly affects the way that a substantial amount of code is written.

Java SE 8

The newest release of Java is Java SE 8, with the development kit being called JDK 8. It has an

internal version number of 1.8. JDK 8 represents a very significant upgrade to the Java language

because of the inclusion of a far-reaching new language feature: the lambda expression. The impact

of lambda expressions will be profound, changing both the way that programming solutions are

conceptualized and how Java code is written. In the process, lambda expressions can simplify and

reduce the amount of source code needed to create certain constructs. The addition of lambda

expressions also causes a new operator (the –>) and a new syntax element to be added to the

language. Lambda expressions help ensure that Java will remain the vibrant, nimble language that

users have come to expect.

In addition to lambda expressions, JDK 8 adds many other important new features. For example,

beginning with JDK 8, it is now possible to define a default implementation for a method specified by

an interface. JDK 8 also bundles support for JavaFX, Java’s new GUI framework. JavaFX is

expected to soon play an important part in nearly all Java applications, ultimately replacing Swing for

most GUI-based projects. In the final analysis, Java SE 8 is a major release that profoundly expands

the capabilities of the language and changes the way that Java code is written. Its effects will be felt

throughout the Java universe and for years to come. The material in this book has been updated to

reflect Java SE 8, with many new features, updates, and additions indicated throughout.

How This Book Is Organized

This book presents an evenly paced tutorial in which each section builds upon the previous one. It

contains 17 chapters, each discussing an aspect of Java. This book is unique because it includes

several special elements that reinforce what you are learning.

Key Skills & Concepts

Each chapter begins with a set of critical skills that you will be learning.

Self Test

Each chapter concludes with a Self Test that lets you test your knowledge. The answers are in

Appendix A.

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