R&S ESMD宽带监控接收器操作指南：开源软件与技术详解

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R&S ESMD是一款由Rohde & Schwarz公司生产的宽带监控接收器，专为无线电监测和测向应用设计。这款设备提供了一系列型号和选项，包括R&S ESMD Wideband Monitoring Receiver 4066.0004.02和4066.0004.03，这些型号可能具备不同的功能和性能，满足不同用户的需求。其中，R&S ESMD-DF Direction Finder Option（4066.4300.02）作为方向查找器附件，允许用户精确测量信号来源的方向；而R&S ESMD-HF和R&S ESMD-SHF Frequency Extension（4066.4100.02和4066.4200.02）则提供了频率扩展功能，扩大了接收器的频率覆盖范围，以便于对更广泛的频段进行监控。该设备的操作手册详细介绍了设备的硬件配置、软件特性以及如何使用其功能。值得注意的是，R&S ESMD的固件采用了一些开源软件包，如著名的加密库OpenSSL（http://www.openssl.org/）和Qt图形用户界面框架（http://www.trolltech.com/），这表明Rohde & Schwarz公司在开发过程中充分利用了开源社区的技术成果，体现了开放创新的理念。此外，手册还包含了联系信息，如公司的地址、电话、传真和电子邮件，便于用户在遇到问题时寻求技术支持或获取更新信息。版权信息表明，此手册在2011年发布，且内容可能会根据技术发展和规范变化而有所更新。Rohde & Schwarz是德国的一家全球知名电子测量设备制造商，其注册商标R&S®展示了公司在行业内的专业地位。 R&S ESMD的操作手册涵盖了设备的基本介绍、功能详解、软件架构、以及与开源社区的合作关系，对于深入理解并有效使用这款宽带监控接收器来说，是不可或缺的学习资料。

Characteristics

R&S

ESMD

16Manual 4066.0040.32 ─ 08

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Monitoring of self-conducted radiocommunications training exercises in a specific

frequency band

●

Monitoring of selected emissions

●

Radiomonitoring for tactical and strategic intelligence

●

Radiomonitoring for internal and external security

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Monitoring in line with ITU recommendations

●

Coverage measurements and monitoring of networks

●

Storage of spectra or digital baseband data, internal and external

●

Analysis of digital signals

Digital signal processing

All signal processing is performed by means of powerful signal processors and field pro-

grammable gate arrays (FPGAs).

The R&S ESMD features a realtime bandwidth of 20 MHz. Thus, the FFT panorama also

allows the analysis of broadband signals as well as the signal environment up to 20 MHz

bandwidth.

To process the various signals with an optimum signal-to-noise ratio, the R&S ESMD is

equipped with 37 IF filters providing bandwidths from 100 Hz to 20 MHz. Demodulation

with the output of the digital baseband and video data can be performed with all band-

widths. The obtained data is available at many interfaces – both in analog and in digital

format – making it possible to feed the data to a wide variety of different applications for

post-processing or further processing. Thus, the R&S ESMD can also be used as part of

complex monitoring systems.

1.3 Application Examples

Quick search in the frequency range

The R&S ESMD "Panorama Scan" function is used to perform an ultra-quick scan of a

user-definable frequency range. It thus provides a quick overview of the spectrum occu-

pancy. Changes caused by illegal radio services, interferences, transient emissions etc

can immediately be seen at a glance. The R&S ESMD can be switched to "listen" mode

simply by pressing a key. The signal of interest can be selected, demodulated, and ana-

lyzed by using the demodulation frequency. The resolution of the FFT calculation can be

set according to the channel spacing of various radio services. Thus, this FFT scan pro-

vides highest scan rates even with small resolution bandwidth, a big advantage when

weak signals must be detected quickly.

Search using channel spacing

The "Frequency Scan" and "Panorama Scan" function is used to perform searches in the

frequency range using fixed channel spacing. The receiver scans the frequency range

and analyzes every channel for occupancy. If a signal is above the threshold, the

R&S ESMD dwells at the signal's frequency for the predefined dwell time, and the signal

Application Examples

Characteristics

R&S

ESMD

17Manual 4066.0040.32 ─ 08

can be demodulated and processed. In the case of analog methods, the demodulated

signal is audible on the loudspeaker or headphones.

The "Frequency Scan" and "Panorama Scan" function are specially designed for the

monitoring of radio services that employ fixed frequency spacing (channel spacing).

Searches at specific frequencies

The "Memory Scan" function is used to scan a series of predefined channels and analyze

them for occupancy. If a signal is above the threshold, the R&S ESMD dwells at the

signal's frequency for the predefined dwell time, and the signal can be demodulated and

processed. In the case of analog methods, the demodulated signal is audible on the

loudspeaker or headphones.

In this mode, parameters such as frequency, demodulation mode, bandwidth or squelch

levels can be set individually for each channel. The content of each memory channel can

be transferred to the receiver manually by using the RCL key. The settings can also be

changed and then stored in memory by means of the SAVE key. The parameters for

multiple channels can be set by calling up a display table.

This scan is especially useful when it is necessary to scan individual frequencies that do

not have fixed channel spacing, or when frequency blocks need to be scanned at regular

intervals (e.g. f1, f2, f3, f1, f2, f3, etc).

Demodulation and analysis

Analog modulated signals are demodulated in the R&S ESMD. The signal is audible on

the built-in loudspeaker or via headphones. A PC-based software application is available

for analyzing complex signals. This application provides a large number of functions such

as classification (detection of modulation mode), vector analysis, bit-stream analysis or

decoding.

For online analysis, the digital data is transferred from the receiver to the PC via LAN in

realtime. For offline analysis, the software accesses data that was recorded in the

R&S ESMD itself or externally.

Interference search

Owing to its compact design and many special functions, the R&S ESMD is ideally suited

for detecting all kinds of radio interference. Special functions such as adjustable mea-

surement time and continuous (averaged) or periodic (maximum value after timeout of

the measurement) level output have been integrated for these tasks. Since these func-

tions are also applied in the RF spectrum, even nonperiodic interferers can be easily

detected, which are otherwise easy to miss in a quick spectrum because they occur at

erratic intervals. As a result, the source of interference can be quickly detected and elim-

inated – an aspect that is extremely important in security-critical radiocommunications

(e.g. air-traffic communication).

Detection of frequency-agile signals, e.g. hoppers

Due to its wide realtime bandwidth and high scan rates, the R&S ESMD can also reliably

detect signals with quickly varying frequencies – even hoppers with hop rates up to 2000

Application Examples

Characteristics

R&S

ESMD

18Manual 4066.0040.32 ─ 08

hops/s. If the "MAXHOLD" function is selected, the occupied frequency range of the

transmitter will be displayed very fast.

Detection of burst signals, radar emissions

Due to the wide realtime bandwidth of 20 MHz, even very narrow bursts such as emitted

by radar equipment can be detected and analyzed. By means of the IF panorama,

parameters such as pulse duration can be measured.

Data recording

The R&S ESMD provides the following capabilities for recording and storing data (front-

panel control version):

●

2 gigabytes on internal compact flash card

●

External storage via USB 2.0 The digital data can also be output via the LAN interface

in realtime and externally recorded (e.g. to a PC hard disk). The recording time pri-

marily depends on the capacity of the storage medium. Recording can be done with

various formats.

Civil monitoring in compliance with ITU guidelines

Owing to its performance, the R&S ESMD meets all requirements for measurements in

line with the ITU-R recommendations and the ITU Spectrum Monitoring Handbook

(2002). If the R&S ESMD-IM option is installed, the following measurements can be per-

formed:

●

Frequency and offset in line with ITU-R SM.377

●

Field strength in line with ITU-R SM.378

●

Modulation in line with ITU-R SM.328

●

Spectrum occupancy on the control PC in line with ITU-R SM.182/SM.328

●

Bandwidth in line with ITU-R SM.443

●

Detection of mono and stereo transmissions in the case of FM broadcasting trans-

mitters

Radio data system (RDS) analysis

The signal content is demodulated and decoded. The results are output on the display

or external PC and are also made available via LAN. Messages such as station name,

frequency lists, traffic information etc, can be seen at a glance.

TV picture as a bitmap

A special TV mode is used to demodulate analog TV emissions. The receiver calculates

a black-and-white bitmap picture, which is displayed on the user interface. Simultane-

ously, the original sound is audible. The color TV picture is available for a video monitor

(or video projector) in realtime at the AM video output.

Application Examples

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