精通shell脚本编程：专家指南

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《Apress Expert Shell Scripting》是一本由Ron Peters编著的专业书籍，专为shell脚本编程领域的专家和高级用户设计。这本书于2009年出版，享有严格的版权保护，未经作者和出版社的书面许可，不得任何形式复制、传播或通过电子或机械方式，包括复印、录音，以及任何信息存储或检索系统。本书的国际标准书号(ISBN)分别是pbk版的978-1-4302-1841-8和电子版的978-1-4302-1842-5。该书的内容深入探讨了Shell脚本编程的各种技巧和最佳实践，适合那些希望提升Shell脚本编写能力、解决复杂任务和自动化工作流程的读者。Ron Peters作为作者，以其丰富的经验和深厚的专业知识，为读者提供了详尽的指导，涵盖了Shell语言的基础知识、高级特性、性能优化、错误处理、调试策略，以及如何构建可维护的脚本结构。书中还特别强调了在编写过程中遵循的版权法律和商标使用规范，指出在编辑过程中会尊重商标所有者的权益，仅以编辑性引用的方式提及商标名，而不涉及侵犯其权益。本书的编辑团队包括Lead Editor Frank Pohlmann、Technical Reviewer Brian Culp，以及多位经验丰富的技术编辑、项目经理和校对人员，确保了内容的质量和准确性。项目管理由Sofia Marchant负责，而Candace English担任了Copy Editor的角色，确保文字的清晰和一致性。《Apress Expert Shell Scripting》是一本权威的参考书，对于想要提升Shell脚本技能的开发者、系统管理员和技术人员来说，它不仅提供实用的技术知识，还可能成为他们在日常工作中不可或缺的工具。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的专业人士，都能从中找到深入学习和提升Shell编程能力的宝贵资源。

xxi

Introduction

I learned the basics of programming when I was in school; I learned how to shell-script by

example.

I’ve met and worked with many system administrators and other *NIX folks, each of

whom has their own bag of tricks when it comes to managing a system, interacting with

their environment, or coding a script. It’s always very useful to have conversations and

interact with people like this because you invariably gain some tidbits that you can

throw into your own collection of tricks. I decided to collect all the useful shell-scripting

and interaction techniques I have learned through the years and combine them into one

beneficial reference guide. In fact, I used some of my own notes about those techniques

while writing this book. Since I haven’t memorized everything present in this book, I

would periodically look up items when I was working on various tasks. I want this book

to be the beginning of a higher-level reference library that can be added to and can grow

continually.

You might be aware of the large number of shell-scripting books and online resources

aiding in the mastery of shell scripting. Many are excellent and cover a wide range of topics.

The main purpose of this book is to combine some of the most unique tools, code snippets,

and scripts that go beyond the level of basic scripts. I wanted to create a cookbook of sorts—

lesser-known recipes and fairly advanced algorithms that have proved useful to me.

I have included scripts you can use as is, and sample scripts illustrating a specific algo-

rithm. I also demonstrate a few complex commands that may be useful on the command

line. I have tried to tailor the scripts to be useful at multiple levels. Most times, however,

there is little or no error-checking since that is not necessarily the point of a specific script.

You must be prepared to make modifications to fit your local environment.

How This Book Came About

My friend Brian Culp and I have worked together as UNIX system administrators for many

years. Periodically, Brian or I will be working on some script and run into a problem. One

of us will stop, walk over to the other, and say something like, “Do you have any code that

does X?” The answer may be no, in which case we’ll launch into a discussion on how we

might tackle the problem, or come up with a few different solutions. However, many times

it might be something like, “Hmm, yeah, I think I remember doing something like that in

a script that does X on system Y. Let me look for a minute.” A few carefully chosen grep

commands, and the solution is at hand.

xxii

■INTRODUCTION

Although finding the solution we want is great, it’s not the most efficient use of our

time. To go from having a place to store and organize all of our (and, of course, other

programmers’) gems and having them in a heavily documented form, to writing a book

on the subject was only a short step. Even though it is possible to search online references

quickly for specific code, there were many occasions when I just wanted to pull a book off

my shelf. It’s not always obvious what to search for when you have a specific itch that

needs scratching, so you’re not sure exactly to what search for online.

This is to some extent an expression of my own limitations: my family and friends think

I’m a computer guru, but rest assured, I know better. There are many programmers out

there who are much more adept at shell coding than I am. I mainly intended to collect,

order, and explain code that I have found to be highly useful in my professional experi-

ence as a system administrator, and share that information with others.

Who Should Read This Book

The book is meant for the intermediate shell coder up to the advanced shell-code hacker,

because I don’t explain many basic programming structures. If you’re looking for that

type of book, you should look to the resources mentioned in Appendix C.

This is not to say that the beginner won’t find this book useful; it may work well as a supple-

mentary reference to a more traditional shell-scripting training guide. But there is a difference

between learning English as a second language and learning how to apply sarcasm. This book

is like sarcasm in that example; it assumes some basic shell-code literacy.

I go into great detail about how and why the scripts were written in their present form,

and I include some explanation of how to avoid certain problems. Much of my learning

came from sources heavy in obfuscation and light on clarity, so I tried to be as explicit as

possible, and favored explaining too much rather than too little. You can think of many

chapters I included as shell scripts with extremely detailed commentary.

The book is divided into three parts: “Basic Scripting Techniques,” “System Interaction

and Advanced Techniques,” and “Useful Scripts.” Most chapters serve as stand-alone

discussions, although they may refer to other chapters on some minor points.

Issues and Ideas

I have made every effort to test the code that I included in this book to validate that it

works. With a project of this size, however, even with the number of eyes that have

reviewed it, there may be mistakes. I would like to know about the mistakes as well as, and

more importantly, any other ideas and scripts that could be used for future revisions of

this book. Please drop me a note at rbpeters@peterro.com.

■ ■ ■

CHAPTER 1

Shell Script Debugging

Even though this book isn’t a “how to script” manual, some concepts that are funda-

mental to writing successful scripts should be discussed. Debugging is one of them.

Debugging code is a significant part of writing code. No matter how disciplined you are

or how skilled you become at coding, you will have bugs in your code, in the form of either

syntax or logic errors. The syntactical problems tend to be simpler to resolve since many

times they show up when the code throws an error when it is run. The logical bugs, on the

other hand, may be more difficult to track down since the code may run without error, but

the resulting output does not match the design of the program. The more complex your

code becomes as your skill increases, the more difficult these types of problems will be to

detect.

Since writing bug-free code is nearly impossible, you need a few techniques up your

sleeve that will help you finish, diagnose, repair, and clean up your code. This chapter pre-

sents a few ways to debug code that I have used consistently and that help me extract

details from the inner workings of my scripts. These techniques validate that the code is

living up to my expectations and demonstrate where the code needs more work to per-

form the intended task.

Shell Trace Options

The first technique—using the set command—is the simplest to implement and can give

you great amounts of detail about how the logic is progressing and the values of variables

internal to your script. Using the set command is really just using shell options to display

verbose output when the script is running. One of the functions of the set command is to

turn on and off the various options that are available in the shell. In this case, the option

being set is -x, or xtrace. This is where the running script will, in addition to any normal

output, display the expanded commands and variables of a given line of code before the

code is run. With this increased output, you can easily view what is happening in the run-

ning script and possibly determine where your problem lies.

When you put the instruction set -x into your script, each of the commands that exe-

cute after that set instruction will be displayed, together with any arguments that were

supplied to the command, including variables and their values. Each line of output will be

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