Oracle C/C++接口详解：12c Release 1开发者指南

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Oracle C/C++调用接口是Oracle数据库12c Release 1 (12.1)中的一个重要部分，它为开发人员提供了一种在C和C++程序中与Oracle数据库进行高效交互的桥梁。Oracle Call Interface (OCI) 是Oracle官方推荐的用于C和C++语言的应用程序编程接口，允许开发者利用标准的C/C++语法来访问Oracle数据库的各种功能，如存储过程、数据操作、事务处理等。该指南详细介绍了如何使用Oracle Call Interface进行数据库连接、数据操作、错误处理以及性能优化等方面的技术。它不仅包含了基础概念，如预编译SQL语句（PL/SQL）、结果集处理和数据类型转换，还深入探讨了高级主题，如异步IO、内存管理、线程安全性和安全性设置。编写Oracle C/C++应用程序时，程序员需要熟悉以下关键知识点： 1. **环境准备**：安装Oracle数据库客户端库，配置动态链接库路径和环境变量，确保头文件和链接器能够找到必要的库函数。 2. **连接数据库**：通过oci.h头文件中的函数，如ociEnvCreate()和ociConnectionCreate()，建立与Oracle数据库的连接。 3. **执行SQL语句**：使用ociStmtPrepare()和ociStmtExecute()执行预编译的SQL（PL/SQL）代码，或者ociCall()执行存储过程。 4. **处理结果集**：通过ociResultFetch()获取查询结果，ociBind*()方法绑定参数，ociErrorHandle()用于处理错误和警告。 5. **事务管理**：理解如何使用ociCommit()和ociRollback()进行事务控制，确保数据一致性。 6. **内存管理**：了解Oracle Call Interface的内存分配策略，以及如何正确释放资源以避免内存泄漏。 7. **并发和线程安全**：掌握ociAttrSet()和ociAttrGet()等函数，设置和检查对象的并发属性，确保在多线程环境下操作的正确性。 8. **错误处理和调试**：学习如何使用ociErrorGet()获取错误信息，以及如何使用ociDebugLog()记录调试信息。 9. **性能优化**：了解Oracle Call Interface的优化选项，如使用BULK COLLECT操作符提高数据传输效率。 Oracle Call Interface文档由多位Oracle专家共同编写，包括Rod Ward、Jack Melnick等，他们从不同角度提供了丰富的实践经验和技术指导。这份指南不仅是初学者学习Oracle数据库编程的入门资料，也是经验丰富的开发人员进行高级编程和性能调优的重要参考。随着Oracle技术的不断发展，这份文档也会不断更新，以适应新的需求和功能。

xvi

Failover Callback Example ............................................................................................................ 9-30

Handling OCI_FO_ERROR ........................................................................................................... 9-31

HA Event Notification.......................................................................................................................... 9-33

OCIEvent Handle............................................................................................................................ 9-34

OCI Failover for Connection and Session Pools......................................................................... 9-34

OCI Failover for Independent Connections................................................................................ 9-35

Event Callback................................................................................................................................. 9-35

Custom Pooling: Tagged Server Handles.................................................................................... 9-36

Determining Transparent Application Failover (TAF) Capabilities........................................ 9-37

OCI and Transaction Guard................................................................................................................ 9-37

Developing Applications that Use Transaction Guard ............................................................. 9-38

Typical Transaction Guard Usage......................................................................................... 9-38

Transaction Guard Examples................................................................................................. 9-39

OCI and Streams Advanced Queuing............................................................................................... 9-44

OCI Streams Advanced Queuing Functions............................................................................... 9-45

OCI Streams Advanced Queuing Descriptors............................................................................ 9-45

Streams Advanced Queuing in OCI Versus PL/SQL................................................................ 9-46

Buffered Messaging ........................................................................................................................ 9-49

Publish-Subscribe Notification in OCI ............................................................................................ 9-50

Publish-Subscribe Registration Functions in OCI...................................................................... 9-52

Publish-Subscribe Register Directly to the Database.......................................................... 9-52

Open Registration for Publish-Subscribe ............................................................................. 9-55

Using OCI to Open Register with LDAP.............................................................................. 9-55

Setting QOS, Timeout Interval, Namespace, Client Address, and Port Number .......... 9-57

OCI Functions Used to Manage Publish-Subscribe Notification...................................... 9-57

Notification Callback in OCI ......................................................................................................... 9-58

Notification Procedure ................................................................................................................... 9-60

Publish-Subscribe Direct Registration Example......................................................................... 9-61

Publish-Subscribe LDAP Registration Example......................................................................... 9-66

10 More OCI Advanced Topics

Continuous Query Notification.......................................................................................................... 10-1

About Continuous Query Notification........................................................................................ 10-1

Database Startup and Shutdown ....................................................................................................... 10-2

About OCI Database Startup and Shutdown.............................................................................. 10-2

Examples of Startup and Shutdown in OCI................................................................................ 10-3

Implicit Fetching of ROWIDs............................................................................................................. 10-5

About Implicit Fetching of ROWIDs............................................................................................ 10-5

Example of Implicit Fetching of ROWIDs................................................................................... 10-7

OCI Support for Implicit Results....................................................................................................... 10-8

Client Result Cache............................................................................................................................. 10-10

Client Statement Cache Auto-Tuning............................................................................................. 10-11

About Auto-Tuning Client Statement Cache............................................................................ 10-11

Benefit of Auto-Tuning Client Statement Cache ...................................................................... 10-12

Client Statement Cache Auto-Tuning Parameters ................................................................... 10-12

<statement_cache>................................................................................................................. 10-12

<auto_tune>............................................................................................................................ 10-12

xvii

<enable>true</enable>................................................................................................. 10-12

<ram_threshold> ............................................................................................................ 10-12

<memory_target>........................................................................................................... 10-13

Comparison of the Connection Specific Auto-Tuning Parameters ................................ 10-13

Usage Examples of Client Statement Cache Auto Tuning...................................................... 10-14

Enabling and Disabling OCI Client Auto-Tuning.................................................................... 10-15

Usage Guidelines for Auto-Tuning Client Statement Cache.................................................. 10-15

OCI Client-Side Deployment Parameters Using oraaccess.xml ................................................ 10-16

About oraaccess.xml..................................................................................................................... 10-16

About Client-Side Deployment Parameters Specified in oraaccess.xml............................... 10-16

High Level Structure of oraaccess.xml....................................................................................... 10-16

Specifying Global Parameters in oraaccess.xml ....................................................................... 10-17

Specifying Defaults for Connection Parameters....................................................................... 10-19

Overriding Connection Parameters at the Connection-String Level..................................... 10-21

File (oraaccess.xml) Properties.................................................................................................... 10-25

Fault Diagnosability in OCI.............................................................................................................. 10-25

About Fault Diagnosability in OCI............................................................................................. 10-26

ADR Base Location ....................................................................................................................... 10-26

Using ADRCI................................................................................................................................. 10-27

Controlling ADR Creation and Disabling Fault Diagnosability Using sqlnet.ora .............. 10-29

Client and Server Operating with Different Versions of Time Zone Files ............................. 10-30

Support for Pluggable Databases..................................................................................................... 10-31

Restrictions on OCI API Calls with Multitenant Container Databases (CDB) in General. 10-31

Restrictions on OCI Calls with ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER................................... 10-31

Using the XStream Interface ............................................................................................................. 10-33

XStream Out................................................................................................................................... 10-33

LCR Streams ........................................................................................................................... 10-33

The Processed Low Position and Restart Considerations................................................ 10-34

XStream In...................................................................................................................................... 10-34

Processed Low Position and Restart Ability...................................................................... 10-34

Stream Position....................................................................................................................... 10-35

Security of XStreams..................................................................................................................... 10-35

11 OCI Object-Relational Programming

OCI Object Overview........................................................................................................................... 11-1

Working with Objects in OCI............................................................................................................. 11-2

Basic Object Program Structure .................................................................................................... 11-2

Persistent Objects, Transient Objects, and Values..................................................................... 11-3

Persistent Objects ..................................................................................................................... 11-3

Transient Objects...................................................................................................................... 11-4

Values ........................................................................................................................................ 11-4

Developing an OCI Object Application ........................................................................................... 11-5

Representing Objects in C Applications ...................................................................................... 11-5

Initializing the Environment and the Object Cache................................................................... 11-6

Making Database Connections...................................................................................................... 11-7

Retrieving an Object Reference from the Server ........................................................................ 11-7

Pinning an Object............................................................................................................................ 11-8

xviii

Array Pin................................................................................................................................... 11-9

Manipulating Object Attributes.................................................................................................... 11-9

Marking Objects and Flushing Changes.................................................................................... 11-10

Fetching Embedded Objects........................................................................................................ 11-11

Object Meta-Attributes................................................................................................................. 11-12

Persistent Object Meta-Attributes........................................................................................ 11-12

Additional Attribute Functions ........................................................................................... 11-14

Transient Object Meta-Attributes........................................................................................ 11-14

Complex Object Retrieval ............................................................................................................ 11-15

Prefetching Objects ................................................................................................................ 11-16

Implementing Complex Object Retrieval in OCI .............................................................. 11-17

COR Prefetching............................................................................................................................ 11-18

COR Interface ......................................................................................................................... 11-18

Example of COR..................................................................................................................... 11-18

OCI Versus SQL Access to Objects ............................................................................................ 11-20

Pin Count and Unpinning............................................................................................................ 11-21

NULL Indicator Structure............................................................................................................ 11-21

Creating Objects ............................................................................................................................ 11-23

Attribute Values of New Objects......................................................................................... 11-24

Freeing and Copying Objects ...................................................................................................... 11-25

Object Reference and Type Reference........................................................................................ 11-25

Create Objects Based on Object Views and Object Tables with Primary-Key-Based OIDs 11-25

Error Handling in Object Applications...................................................................................... 11-26

Type Inheritance.................................................................................................................................. 11-27

Substitutability............................................................................................................................... 11-27

NOT INSTANTIABLE Types and Methods.............................................................................. 11-28

OCI Support for Type Inheritance.............................................................................................. 11-28

OCIDescribeAny() ................................................................................................................. 11-29

Bind and Define Functions................................................................................................... 11-29

OCIObjectGetTypeRef()........................................................................................................ 11-29

OCIObjectCopy().................................................................................................................... 11-29

OCICollAssignElem()............................................................................................................ 11-29

OCICollAppend()................................................................................................................... 11-29

OCICollGetElem().................................................................................................................. 11-30

OTT Support for Type Inheritance............................................................................................. 11-30

Type Evolution..................................................................................................................................... 11-30

12 Object-Relational Data Types in OCI

Overview of OCI Functions for Objects........................................................................................... 12-1

Mapping Oracle Data Types to C....................................................................................................... 12-2

OCI Type Mapping Methodology................................................................................................ 12-3

Manipulating C Data Types with OCI.............................................................................................. 12-3

Precision of Oracle Number Operations...................................................................................... 12-4

Date (OCIDate) ...................................................................................................................................... 12-5

Date Example................................................................................................................................... 12-5

Datetime and Interval (OCIDateTime, OCIInterval)..................................................................... 12-6

Datetime Functions......................................................................................................................... 12-7

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Datetime Example........................................................................................................................... 12-8

Interval Functions ........................................................................................................................... 12-8

Number (OCINumber)......................................................................................................................... 12-9

OCINumber Examples ................................................................................................................. 12-10

Fixed or Variable-Length String (OCIString)................................................................................ 12-12

String Functions............................................................................................................................. 12-12

String Example .............................................................................................................................. 12-12

Raw (OCIRaw) ..................................................................................................................................... 12-13

Raw Functions ............................................................................................................................... 12-13

Raw Example ................................................................................................................................. 12-13

Collections (OCITable, OCIArray, OCIColl, OCIIter) ................................................................ 12-14

Generic Collection Functions....................................................................................................... 12-14

Collection Data Manipulation Functions................................................................................... 12-14

Collection Scanning Functions.................................................................................................... 12-15

Varray/Collection Iterator Example .......................................................................................... 12-15

Nested Table Manipulation Functions....................................................................................... 12-16

Nested Table Element Ordering.......................................................................................... 12-17

Nested Table Locators .................................................................................................................. 12-17

Multilevel Collection Types.............................................................................................................. 12-17

Multilevel Collection Type Example.......................................................................................... 12-18

REF (OCIRef) ....................................................................................................................................... 12-18

REF Manipulation Functions....................................................................................................... 12-19

REF Example.................................................................................................................................. 12-19

Object Type Information Storage and Access ............................................................................... 12-20

Descriptor Objects......................................................................................................................... 12-20

AnyType, AnyData, and AnyDataSet Interfaces .......................................................................... 12-20

Type Interfaces .............................................................................................................................. 12-21

Creating a Parameter Descriptor for OCIType Calls........................................................ 12-21

Obtaining the OCIType for Persistent Types .................................................................... 12-22

Type Access Calls................................................................................................................... 12-23

Extensions to OCIDescribeAny()......................................................................................... 12-23

OCIAnyData Interfaces................................................................................................................ 12-23

NCHAR Typecodes for OCIAnyData Functions ..................................................................... 12-24

OCIAnyDataSet Interfaces........................................................................................................... 12-24

Binding Named Data Types..............................................................................................................

12-25

Named Data Type Binds.............................................................................................................. 12-25

Binding REFs................................................................................................................................. 12-25

Information for Named Data Type and REF Binds ................................................................. 12-26

Information Regarding Array Binds .......................................................................................... 12-26

Defining Named Data Types ............................................................................................................ 12-26

Defining Named Data Type Output Variables......................................................................... 12-26

Defining REF Output Variables .................................................................................................. 12-27

Information for Named Data Type and REF Defines, and PL/SQL OUT Binds................. 12-27

Information About Array Defines....................................................................................... 12-28

Binding and Defining Oracle C Data Types.................................................................................. 12-28

Bind and Define Examples........................................................................................................... 12-29

Salary Update Examples .............................................................................................................. 12-31

Method 1 - Fetch, Convert, Assign...................................................................................... 12-32

Method 2 - Fetch and Assign................................................................................................ 12-32

Method 3 - Direct Fetch......................................................................................................... 12-32

Summary and Notes.............................................................................................................. 12-33

SQLT_NTY Bind and Define Examples ......................................................................................... 12-33

SQLT_NTY Bind Example ........................................................................................................... 12-33

SQLT_NTY Define Example........................................................................................................ 12-34

13 Direct Path Load Interface

Direct Path Loading Overview ........................................................................................................... 13-1

Data Types Supported for Direct Path Loading......................................................................... 13-3

Direct Path Handles........................................................................................................................ 13-4

Direct Path Context.................................................................................................................. 13-4

OCI Direct Path Function Context......................................................................................... 13-4

Direct Path Column Array and Direct Path Function Column Array ............................. 13-5

Direct Path Stream ................................................................................................................... 13-6

Direct Path Interface Functions..................................................................................................... 13-6

Limitations and Restrictions of the Direct Path Load Interface ............................................... 13-7

Direct Path Load Examples for Scalar Columns......................................................................... 13-7

Data Structures Used in Direct Path Loading Example ..................................................... 13-7

Outline of an Example of a Direct Path Load for Scalar Columns ................................... 13-9

Using a Date Cache in Direct Path Loading of Dates in OCI ................................................. 13-12

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_SIZE............................................................................ 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_NUM .......................................................................... 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_MISSES....................................................................... 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_HITS ........................................................................... 13-14

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_DISABLE ................................................................... 13-14

Direct Path Loading of Object Types .............................................................................................. 13-14

Direct Path Loading of Nested Tables ....................................................................................... 13-14

Describing a Nested Table Column and Its Nested Table ............................................... 13-15

Direct Path Loading of Column Objects.................................................................................... 13-15

Describing a Column Object................................................................................................. 13-15

Allocating the Array Column for the Column Object...................................................... 13-17

Loading Column Object Data into the Column Array..................................................... 13-17

OCI_DIRPATH_COL_ERROR............................................................................................. 13-17

Direct Path Loading of SQL String Columns............................................................................ 13-18

Describing a SQL String Column ........................................................................................ 13-18

Allocating the Column Array for SQL String Columns................................................... 13-19

Loading the SQL String Data into the Column Array...................................................... 13-20

Direct Path Loading of REF Columns........................................................................................ 13-20

Describing the REF Column................................................................................................. 13-20

Allocating the Column Array for a REF Column.............................................................. 13-23

Loading the REF Data into the Column Array.................................................................. 13-23

Direct Path Loading of NOT FINAL Object and REF Columns............................................. 13-24

Inheritance Hierarchy............................................................................................................ 13-24

Describing a Fixed, Derived Type to Be Loaded............................................................... 13-25

Allocating the Column Array............................................................................................... 13-25

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