16
Width and precision may be omitted from a specification: %6f says that the number is to be at
least six characters wide; %.2f specifies two characters after the decimal point, but the width
is not constrained; and %f merely says to print the number as floating point.
%d
print as decimal integer
%6d
print as decimal integer, at least 6 characters wide
%f
print as floating point
%6f
print as floating point, at least 6 characters wide
%.2f
print as floating point, 2 characters after decimal point
%6.2f
print as floating point, at least 6 wide and 2 after decimal point
Among others, printf also recognizes %o for octal, %x for hexadecimal, %c for character, %s
for character string and %% for itself.
Exercise 1-3. Modify the temperature conversion program to print a heading above the table.
Exercise 1-4. Write a program to print the corresponding Celsius to Fahrenheit table.
1.3 The for statement
There are plenty of different ways to write a program for a particular task. Let's try a variation
on the temperature converter.
#include <stdio.h>
/* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */
main()
{
int fahr;
for (fahr = 0; fahr <= 300; fahr = fahr + 20)
printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));
}
This produces the same answers, but it certainly looks different. One major change is the
elimination of most of the variables; only fahr remains, and we have made it an int. The
lower and upper limits and the step size appear only as constants in the for statement, itself a
new construction, and the expression that computes the Celsius temperature now appears as
the third argument of printf instead of a separate assignment statement.
This last change is an instance of a general rule - in any context where it is permissible to use
the value of some type, you can use a more complicated expression of that type. Since the
third argument of printf must be a floating-point value to match the %6.1f, any floating-
point expression can occur here.
The for statement is a loop, a generalization of the while. If you compare it to the earlier
while, its operation should be clear. Within the parentheses, there are three parts, separated
by semicolons. The first part, the initialization
fahr = 0
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