Python与Tkinter编程实战

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"PythonandTkinterProgramming.pdf - 英文版 - Python and Tkinter编程书籍" 本书《Python and Tkinter Programming》由John E. Grayson撰写，由Manning出版社出版，专注于介绍如何为Python程序创建图形用户界面（GUI）。Python是一种广泛使用的高级编程语言，而Tkinter是Python的标准GUI库，它允许开发者构建功能丰富的交互式应用程序，无需深入学习复杂的图形设计技术。 Tkinter库是Python的默认GUI工具包，随解释器一起分发，因此对于Python初学者来说非常方便，无需额外安装即可使用。本书旨在帮助读者掌握Tkinter的基本概念，如窗口、控件、布局管理以及事件处理，同时也涵盖了高级主题，如自定义组件和图形绘制。在内容部分，作者可能会讨论以下核心知识点： 1. **Python基础**：书中可能先简要回顾Python的基础语法和特性，以便那些不熟悉Python的读者能快速上手。 2. **Tkinter入门**：介绍如何导入Tkinter库，创建顶级窗口，添加基本控件（如按钮、文本框、标签等），以及设置控件属性和布局。 3. **事件处理**：讲解如何响应用户的输入，如点击按钮或移动鼠标，通过绑定事件处理器函数来实现交互功能。 4. **控件和布局**：深入讨论各种控件的用法，包括复选框、单选按钮、滚动条、菜单等，并介绍网格、堆栈和锚点布局策略。 5. **图像和图形**：可能涵盖如何加载和显示图像，以及使用Tkinter的Canvas组件进行基本的图形绘制。 6. **文件对话框和系统集成**：展示如何打开、保存文件，以及与操作系统进行其他形式的交互。 7. **高级主题**：可能包含自定义控件的创建、多线程、异步编程以及Tkinter与其他库（如PIL或numpy）的集成。 8. **示例应用**：书中很可能会提供一些实际项目示例，帮助读者将所学应用于实践中，如创建一个简单的计算器或日历应用。 9. **最佳实践和设计原则**：讨论编写可维护、可扩展的GUI代码的方法，以及遵循的设计模式。 10. **调试和测试**：介绍如何调试Tkinter应用，以及编写单元测试来确保代码的正确性。《Python and Tkinter Programming》是一本全面的指南，适合对GUI编程感兴趣的Python开发者，无论你是初学者还是有经验的程序员，都能从中受益。通过这本书，你可以学会如何利用Tkinter为Python构建美观且功能强大的用户界面。

preface

I first encountered Python in 1993 when I joined a small company in Rhode Island. Their pri-

mary product was a GUI-builder for X/Motif that generated code for C, C++, Ada and Python. I

was tasked with extending the object-oriented interface for X/Motif and Python. In the past I’d

become skeptical about the use of interpretive languages, so I began the task with little excite-

ment. Two days later I was hooked. It was easy to develop interfaces that would have taken much

more time and code to develop in C. Soon after, I began to choose interfaces developed using the

Python interface in preference to compiled C code.

After I left the company in Rhode Island, I began to develop applications using Tkinter,

which had become the preeminent GUI for Python. I persuaded one company, where I was

working on contract, to use Python to build a code-generator to help complete a huge project

that was in danger of overrunning time and budget. The project was a success. Four years later

there are many Python programmers in that company and some projects now use Tkinter and

Python for a considerable part of their code.

It was this experience, though, that led me to start writing this book. Very little documenta-

tion was available for Tkinter in the early days. The Tkinter Life Preserver was the first document

that helped people pull basic information together. In 1997 Fredrik Lundh released some excel-

lent documentation for the widget classes on the web, and this has served Tkinter programmers

well in the past couple of years. One of the problems that I saw was that although there were sev-

eral example programs available (the Python distribution contains several), they were mostly brief

in content and did not represent a framework for a full application written with Tkinter. Of

course, it is easy to connect bits of code together to make it do more but when the underlying

architecture relies on an interpreter it is easy to produce an inferior product, in terms of execu-

tion speed, aesthetics, maintainability and extensibility.

So, one of the first questions that I was asked about writing Tkinter was “How do I make an

XXX?” I’d usually hand the person a chunk of code that I’d written and, like most professional

programmers, they would work out the details. I believe strongly that learning from full, working

examples is an excellent way of learning how to program in a particular language and to achieve

particular goals.

When I was training in karate, we frequently traveled to the world headquarters of Shuko-

kai, in New Jersey, to train with the late Sensei Shigeru Kimura. Sensei Kimura often told us “I

xvi PREFACE

can’t teach you how to do this (a particular technique)—you have to steal it.” My approach to

learning Tkinter is similar. If someone in the community has solved a problem, we need to steal

it from them. Now, I am not suggesting that we infringe copyright and professional practice! I

simply mean you should learn from whatever material is available. I hope that you will use the

examples in the book as a starting point for your own creations. In a small number of cases I have

used code or the ideas of other programmers. If this is the case I have given the original author an

appropriate acknowledgment. If you use one of these pieces of code, I’d appreciate it if you would

also acknowledge the original author. After all, what we “steal” has more value than what we pro-

duce ourselves—it came from the Sensei!

I was impressed by the format of Douglas A. Young’s The X Window System: Programming

and Applications with Xt. It is a little old now, but it had a high proportion of complete code

examples, some of which made excellent templates upon which new applications could be built.

Python and Tkinter Programming has some parallels in its layout. You will find much longer

examples than you may be accustomed to in other programming books. I hope that many of the

examples will be useful either as templates or as a source of inspiration for programmers who

have to solve a particular problem.

One side effect of presenting complete examples as opposed to providing code fragments is

that you will learn a great deal about my style of programming. During the extensive reviews for

Python and Tkinter Programming some of the reviewers suggested alternate coding patterns for

some of the examples. Wherever possible, I incorporated their suggestions, so that the examples

now contain the programming styles of several people. I expect that you will make similar

improvements when you come to implement your own solutions.

I hope that you find Python and Tkinter Programming useful. If it saves you even a couple of

hours when you have an application to write, then it will have been worth the time spent reading

the book.

xvii

special thanks

Writing Python and Tkinter Programming has been the collective effort of many people. Each of

these persons contributed their time, expertise and effort to help make the book more effective.

Many of the words are theirs and not mine—the book is now better.

I want to thank the team of technical reviewers: Fred L. Drake, Robin Friedrich, Alan

Gauld, Bob Gibson, Lynn Grande, Doug Hellmann, Garrett G. Hodgson, Paul Kendrew,

Andrew M. Kuchling, Cameron Laird, Gregory A. Landrum, Ivan Van Laningham, Burt Leaven-

worth, Ken McDonald, Frank McGeough, Robert Meegan, William Peloquin, Robert J. Roberts

and Guido van Rossum. They provided detailed comments that resulted in significant improve-

ments to the book’s content, focus and accuracy.

Some of the code examples were derived from code written by others. I want to thank these

authors for agreeing to allow me to use their code in this book.

Doug Hellman wrote an excellent module for Pmw, GUIAppD.py, which I adapted as App-

Shell.py and used for many examples within the book. Doug agreed that I could use the code. If

you find AppShell.py useful in your applications, please acknowledge the original author of this

work.

Konrad Hinsen wrote TkPlotCanvas.py, which was intended to be used with NumPy,

which uses extension modules optimized for numerical operations. I adapted it to run without

NumPy and also added some additional graphical capabilities. Again, if you find it useful, please

acknowledge Konrad Hinsen.

The Tree and Node classes used in chapter 8 are derived from code released by OpenChem

for inclusion within their Open Source project. You might want to look at any future releases

from this organization, since the tree-widget examples presented in this book are limited in their

capability.

Appendix B uses the man pages for Tk as a starting point for documenting Tkinter. The

ative works to be made, provided that the original copyright is acknowledged.

I also want to thank Gordon Smith at General Dynamics for having confidence in the use

of Python and Tkinter in some of the projects for which he was responsible; observing their use

in real-world applications is one of the factors that prompted me to begin the task of writing the

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