物联网（IoT）通信协议与标准解析

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"物联网(IoT)协议与标准.pdf" 本文深入探讨了互联网-of-Things (IoT)领域的网络协议和标准，重点关注在不同网络栈层运作的协议，包括介质访问控制(MAC)层、网络层和会话层。作者Tara Salman在Raj Jain教授的指导下撰写此篇论文，讨论了IEEE、IETF和ITU为适应物联网快速发展而提出的各项标准，这些标准涵盖了通信、路由、网络和会话层。同时，文中也涉及管理与安全协议。关键词：物联网、物联网数据链路标准、物联网MAC标准、物联网路由标准、物联网网络标准、物联网传输层标准、物联网管理标准以及物联网面临的挑战。 1. 引言 - 相关工作 - 物联网生态系统 2. 物联网数据链路协议 - IEEE802.15.4e：这是一种低功耗、短距离无线通信标准，常用于传感器网络。 - IEEE802.11ah：也称为Wi-Fi HaLow，是一种低功耗版本的Wi-Fi，用于物联网设备的长距离通信。 - WirelessHART：工业自动化中的无线网络标准，适用于高可靠性环境。 - Z-Wave：专为智能家居应用设计的短距离通信技术。 - Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)：低功耗蓝牙，广泛应用于智能设备之间的连接。 - Zigbee Smart Energy：Zigbee联盟开发的能源管理协议，用于智能电网和家庭自动化。 - DASH7：开放的、低功耗的无线通信标准，用于物联网设备。 - HomePlug：电力线通信(PLC)标准，利用电力线传输数据。 - G.9959：3GPP定义的窄带物联网(NB-IoT)标准之一，适合大规模部署。 - LTE-A：长期演进增强版，提供了更快的数据传输速度，为物联网设备提供高速连接。 - LoRaWAN：长距离低功耗广域网络(LPWAN)标准，用于远距离物联网通信。 - Wi-Fi Direct：设备之间无需通过路由器直接连接的Wi-Fi标准。这些协议各有优缺点，适用于不同的物联网应用场景。例如，Zigbee Smart Energy适合能源管理，而LoRaWAN则更适合远程监控和追踪应用。理解并选择合适的协议是构建高效、可靠且安全的物联网系统的关键。 3. 其他层次的协议 - MAC层：如IEEE802.15.4e和802.11ah，负责设备之间的物理连接和数据传输。 - 网络层：如IPv6和RPL（路由协议低功耗网状网络），处理设备间的路由和寻址。 - 会话层：如MQTT、AMQP、CoAP和XMPP，它们是物联网中常用的消息传递协议，确保设备间的数据交换。 - 管理和安全协议：确保设备的安全连接和数据保护，例如TLS/SSL、OAuth、CoAP-Sec等。这篇论文全面地介绍了物联网领域的各种协议和标准，为开发者和研究人员提供了宝贵的参考信息，帮助他们更好地理解和应用这些技术来构建物联网解决方案。

Networking Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ftp/iot_prot/index.html 6

• Scheduling: The standard does not define how the scheduling is done but it needs to be

built carefully such that it handles mobility scenarios. It can be centralized by a manager

node which is responsible for building the schedule, informing others about the schedule

and other nodes will just follow the schedule.

• Synchronization: Synchronization is necessary to maintain nodes’ connectivity to their

neighbors and to the gateways. Two approaches can be used: acknowledgment-based or

frame-based synchronization. In acknowledgement-based mode, the nodes are already in

communication and they send acknowledgment for reliability guarantees, thus can be

used to maintain connectivity as well. In frame-based mode, nodes are not

communicating and hence, they send an empty frame at pre-specified intervals (about 30

second typically).

• Channel Hopping: IEEE802.15.4e introduces channel hopping for time slotted access to

the wireless medium. Channel hopping requires changing the frequency channel using a

pre-determined random sequence. This introduces frequency diversity and reduces the

effect of interference and multi-path fading. Sixteen channels are available which adds to

network capacity as two frames over the same link can be transmitted on different

frequency channels at the same time.

• Network formation: Network formation includes advertisement and joining

components. A new device should listen for advertisement commands and upon receiving

at least one such command, it can send a join request to the advertising device. In a

centralized system, the join request is routed to the manger node and processed there

while in distributed systems, they are processed locally. Once a device joins the network

and it is fully functional, the formation is disabled and will be activated again if it

receives another join request.

2.2. IEEE 802.11 AH

IEEE 802.11ah is a light (low-energy) version of the original IEEE 802.11 wireless medium

access standard. It has been designed with less overhead to meet IoT requirements. IEEE 802.11

standards (also known as Wi-Fi) are the most commonly used wireless standards. They have

been widely used and adopted for all digital devices including laptops, mobiles, tablets, and

digital TVs. However, the original WiFi standards are not suitable for IoT applications due to

their frame overhead and power consumption. Hence, IEEE 802.11 working group initiated

802.11ah task group to develop a standard that supports low overhead, power friendly

communication suitable for sensors and motes [Park15]. The basic 802.11ah MAC layer features

include:

• Synchronization Frame: A station is not allowed to transmit unless it has valid medium

information that allows it to capture the medium and stop packet exchange by others. It

can know such information if it receives the duration field packet correctly. If it does not

receive it correctly, then it should wait for a duration called Probe Delay. Probe Delay

can be configured by the access points in 802.11ah and announced by transmitting a

synchronization frame at the beginning of the time slot.

• Efficient Bidirectional Packet Exchange: This feature allows the sensor device to save

more power by allowing both uplink and downlink communication between the access

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