探索战斗设计基础：状态机在2D/3D格斗与打击游戏中扮演的角色

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本文档《动作游戏策划设计文档》专注于深入探讨游戏设计中的核心元素——肉搏战系统（melee combat system）。作为设计师的重要参考资料，文章强调了 melee combat 在游戏设计中的基础原理，并指出这些原则并不适用于射程攻击（projectile combat）或射击类游戏。无论是在经典2D格斗游戏如《街头霸王》（Street Fighter）还是3D打击游戏如《战神》（God of War），优秀的肉搏战设计都是游戏体验的核心组成部分。文章首先介绍了状态机（State Machine）这一关键概念，它在任何战斗系统中都起着至关重要的作用。状态机是一种控制游戏对象行为模式的模型，它通过定义一系列预定义的状态和转换规则，使游戏角色在不同的战斗阶段展现出连贯的动作和决策逻辑。例如，角色可能处于站立、跑动、攻击、防御或受伤等不同状态，每个状态都有特定的行为规则，当满足某些条件时，角色会从一个状态过渡到另一个状态。对于已经熟悉状态机并能熟练应用的设计师，可以直接跳过对状态机的详细介绍。但对于新手设计师和开发者，这部分内容将解释状态机的工作原理，如何构建和管理战斗过程中的状态转换，以及如何通过状态机实现复杂动作的无缝衔接和响应玩家输入。此外，文章还将涉及其他技术细节，例如打击判定（hit detection）、攻击序列（attack chains）、节奏控制（timing and spacing）、连击系统（ combos ）和防御机制（blocking and dodging）等，这些都是构建真实感和深度的肉搏战体验所必需的元素。作者力求在理论与实践之间找到平衡，使得设计师不仅能够理解背后的理论框架，也能将其应用到实际的游戏开发中去。《动作游戏策划设计文档》是一份实用的指南，旨在帮助游戏设计师深入理解并掌握肉搏战系统的设计原则和技巧，无论是为了创新还是优化现有作品，都能从中受益匪浅。对于想要提升游戏战斗体验的专业人士来说，这篇文章是不可或缺的参考资料。

The Combat State Machine

At the heart of any melee combat system is what I call the combat state machine. This is a state machine that

controls any entity that’s going to be directly involved in the melee. It’s important to note that a game might not

explicitly implement their system using a state machine, however the behavior of the game will still likely fall in line with

the principles I’m covering. The following is the core Combat State Machine.

So, let’s go through it shall we. First off the initial starting state of this machine is the Idle state. It is called Idle not

necessarily because the character is idling, but because he is idling in terms of combat. You can call this state Neutral if

it’s easier to think about it that way.

Idle State: The Idle state is the hub of the entire state machine. It represents the state where the player or AI can take

an action. As we go deeper into studying the state machine we’ll see that exiting and entering the Idle state begins and

ends a single combat sequence. What that means will depend on the game; it can mean completing a combo, finishing a

quick time event, or whatever else the designer can come up with. For now I’ll keep it generic. I like to borrow a term

from music and refer to one of these sequences as a “phrase”. A player will likely end up spending most of his or her

time within the Idle state. Non-combat elements like movement, jumping, and interacting with the environment will

occur while in the Idle state. Those elements will have their own implementation that has little to do with the combat

state machine, but as far as the combat system is concerned the player or AI is idling.

The Idle state has a transition to every other state. Transitioning to the Attack state or the Defense state is an

active transition, meaning that the transition is caused by some action that the player knowingly decided to take.

Transitioning into the Hit Reaction state is a more passive transition, meaning that the transition was the side effect of

something that happened to the player and requires no direct action. Leaving the Idle state means that the player no

longer has total power over how the state machine will flow and instead is at the mercy of the rules of combat. The

Transitions from the Idle state are as follows:

Idle → Attack: Player Initiates Attack (Generally via a button press)

Idle → Defense: Player Initiates Defense (Generally via a button press)

Idle → Hit Reaction: Player or AI collides with someone else’s attack

Attack State: No mystery here. While the machine is in the attack state the character that the state machine controls is

in the middle of an attack. As I mentioned before a state machine can only be in one and only one state at a time. This

means that while the player is attacking he doesn’t have access to the behaviors in the idle state. Usually this means he

cannot move, or at least cannot move as freely. In general the player must wait until he transitions back into the Idle

state before having access to his entire range of choices again. Here Attack has only one transition, and that’s back to

Idle.

Attack → Idle: Attack ends (Generally means an animation finishes)

The important thing here is that there is a perceptible amount of time spent in the Attack state. It is not the case that

you initiate the attack and immediately return back to idle. As described in the transition description a player must wait

for the attack to finish before returning to Idle. Though the amount of time spent in the Attack state is usually defined by

the length of the attack animation, what actually constitutes as the end of an attack is up to the designer. Just

remember though that returning to the Idle state means that the player has full discretion as to what action to perform;

this includes attacking again.

Hit Reaction State: The machine will enter this state when someone else’s attack successfully hits the character. An

interesting note is that if one machine entered the Hit Reaction state that means that another machine is in the attack

state. This is assuming that the environment did not cause the hit react, which will be the case in many games. The Hit

Reaction state has only one transition.

Hit Reaction → Idle: Hit Reaction ends (Generally mean an animation finishes)

Just like with the Attack state a Hit Reaction almost always means an animation plays. Exiting the Hit Reaction state

means that the animation has finished playing, but as always what actually constitutes a hit reaction is up to the

designer. As I mentioned before, where there is a hit reaction there is an attack, and one of the purposes of the hit

reaction is to reward the attacker for making a successful attack. Another very important purpose of the hit react is to

allow the attacker to finish his attack. Because the attacker is in the attack state he does not have access to his full range

of actions. He is making himself vulnerable to someone else’s attack. By successfully landing his attack and putting his

target in the Hit Reaction state the target also no longer has access to its full range of actions. This exchange between

attack and hit reacts is what I referred to before as a combat phrase and the phrase ends once the target returns to its

Idle state. This relationship between attack and hit reaction is very important to keep in mind, and the amount of time

spent in the Hit Reaction state needs to be comparable to the attack that caused it. This is one of the big areas where

balancing needs to be done, but more on that later.

Defense State: The purpose of the defense state is, as the name suggests, to defend against attacks. It’s the rock to

attack’s scissors. If an attacker lands an attack while his target is idle, then the attack is a full success and the target goes

into the Hit React state. If the attack lands while the target is in the Defense state then the attack is not a full success

and something else happens. Now that something is left completely to the imagination of the designer. The defense

state can be something like a block where the target hit reacts but does not take damage. There are games that use the

defense state for a dodge that have their own rules of success and failure based on timing. A new trend that’s emerging

is that defending means countering an attack where a successful counter initiates its own attack. The defense state is

much more fluid than the other states in the combat state machine and beyond negating an attack it does not have a

concrete definition. However regardless of what “defending” means it occurs in the Defense state. Here’s the Transition:

Defense → Idle: Defense ends (meaning is game specific)

Some games like platformers don’t have a Defense state. This is ok because melee combat is not a central part of that

game experience, but any game where melee needs to be even a little more complex should try to come up with some

kind of Defense mechanism, but it certainly doesn’t have to be the traditional block or dodge.

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