《嵌入式系统：ARM Cortex-M 微控制器入门》——Jonathan Valvano

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"《Embedded Systems: Introduction to Arm Microcontrollers》是Jonathan Valvano撰写的一本关于嵌入式系统和基于ARM Cortex-M微控制器的入门教材，适用于初学者和学生。这本书是第五版的第二印刷版，发布于2014年。书中详细介绍了ARM处理器架构、Cortex-M系列微控制器的使用，以及相关的开发工具如Keil和Texas Instruments的Code Composer Studio。" 《Embedded Systems: Introduction to Arm Microcontrollers》主要涵盖了以下知识点： 1. **嵌入式系统基础**：该书深入浅出地介绍了嵌入式系统的概念，包括它们在各种工业、医疗、消费电子等领域的应用。 2. **ARM Cortex-M架构**：讲解了ARM处理器家族中的Cortex-M系列，这是面向微控制器设计的一种低功耗、高性能的处理器核心。读者可以学习到Cortex-M处理器的结构、指令集和工作模式。 3. **微控制器编程**：通过本书，学习者可以掌握如何使用C语言或汇编语言对ARM Cortex-M微控制器进行编程，包括中断服务程序、存储器映射和外设接口。 4. **硬件接口**：书中详细介绍了与微控制器交互的各种硬件接口，如串行通信（UART）、SPI、I2C、定时器和ADC/DAC等，这些都是嵌入式系统中常见的外围设备。 5. **开发环境与工具**：介绍了如何使用Keil uVision IDE和Texas Instruments的Code Composer Studio进行项目开发，包括调试技巧和代码优化。 6. **实验与实践**：通过实例和实验，学习者可以动手操作，增强对理论知识的理解和应用能力，这有助于培养实际的嵌入式系统设计技能。 7. **版次更新**：作为第五版，该书可能包含最新的技术发展和更新，确保读者能够接触到当前的行业标准和最佳实践。 8. **作者背景**：Jonathan Valvano在UT Austin的教学和研究经历为本书提供了坚实的基础，他的多部教材在全球范围内广泛使用，同时他在医疗设备领域也有丰富的经验和专利，这使得教材内容既理论扎实又具有实践经验。 9. **教学理念**：Valvano教授注重学生的成功，他的教学风格深受学生喜爱，他与Yerraballi教授一起制作的在线课程（MOOC）也在edX平台上取得了显著的成功。《Embedded Systems: Introduction to Arm Microcontrollers》是一本全面而实用的教材，适合那些希望了解和掌握嵌入式系统特别是基于ARM Cortex-M的微控制器设计的读者。书中内容丰富，结合理论与实践，能够帮助读者建立起坚实的嵌入式系统开发基础。

I have a special appreciation for all those who reviewed the first edition. Joe Bungo passed chapters

around to fellows at ARM. In particular, the suggestions and corrections from Chris Shore and Drew

Barbier were totally awesome. Cathy Wicks and Larissa Swanland from Texas Instruments supported

these books with money, development kits, and chips. Bill Bard and Ramesh Yerraballi gave valuable

feedback on how to make this book an effective teaching tool for freshmen. Austin Blackstone has

been a constant contributor to these books. In particular, he created and debugged the Code Composer

Studio™ versions of the example programs posted on the web.

Sincerely, I appreciate the valuable lessons of character and commitment taught to me by my parents

and grandparents. I recall how hard my parents and grandparents worked to make the world a better

place for the next generation. Most significantly, I acknowledge the love, patience and support of my

wife, Barbara, and my children, Ben Dan and Liz. In particular, Dan designed and tested most of the

LM3S and TM4C software presented in this book.

By the grace of God, I am truly the happiest man on the planet, because I am surrounded by these fine

people.

Jonathan W. Valvano

The true engineering experience occurs not with your eyes and ears, but rather with your

fingers and elbows. In other words, engineering education does not happen by listening in

class or reading a book; rather it happens by designing under the watchful eyes of a patient

mentor. So, go build something today, then show it to someone you respect!

Good luck

1. Introduction to Computers and Electronics

Chapter 1 objectives are to:

• Present brief reviews of electronics and Ohm’s Law

• Present a brief review of computer fundamentals

• Review digital logic and information

• Introduce software design using flowcharts

The overall objective of this book is to teach the fundamentals of embedded systems. It is an effective

approach to learn new techniques by doing them. But, the dilemma in learning a laboratory-based

topic like embedded systems is that there is a tremendous volume of details that first must be learned

before hardware and software systems can be designed. The approach taken in this book is to learn

by doing. One of the advantages of a bottom-up approach to learning is that the student begins by

mastering simple concepts. Once the student truly understands simple concepts, he or she can then

embark on the creative process of design, which involves putting the pieces together to create a more

complex system. True creativity is needed to solve complex problems using effective combinations of

simple components. Embedded systems afford an effective platform to teach new engineers how to

program for three reasons. First, there is no operating system. Thus, in a bottom-up fashion the student

can see, write, and understand all software running on a system that actually does something. Second,

embedded systems involve input/output that is easy for the student to touch, hear, and see. Third,

embedded systems are employed in many every-day products, motivating students by showing them

how electrical and computer engineering processes can be applied in the real world. Rather than

introduce the voluminous details in an encyclopedic fashion, the book is organized by basic concepts,

and the details are introduced as they are needed. We will start with simple systems and

progressively add complexity. The overriding themes for Chapters 1 and 2 will be to present the

organizational framework with which embedded systems will be designed. Chapter 3 explains how

the computer works. Chapter 4 is an introduction to I/O. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 present the details of

software development on an embedded system. Interfacing I/O devices to build embedded systems is

presented in Chapters 8, 9, 10, and 11.

1.1. Review of Electronics

Most readers of this book will have had some prior training in electronics. However, this brief

section will provide an overview of the electronics needed to understand electric circuits in this

book. Current (I) is defined as the movement of electrons. In particular, 1 ampere (A) of current is

6.241×10

electrons per second, or one coulomb per second. Current is directional and measured at

one point as the number of electrons travelling per second. Current has an amplitude and a direction.

Because electrons are negatively charged, if the electrons are moving to the left, we define current as

flowing to the right. Voltage (V) is an electrical term representing the potential difference between

two points. The units of voltage are volts (V), and it is always measured as a difference. Voltage is

the electromotive force or potential to produce current. We will see two types of conducting media: a

wire and a resistor. Wires, made from copper, will allow current to freely flow, but forcing current

to flow through a resistor will require energy. The electrical property of a resistor is resistance in

ohms (Ω). Ideally, a wire is simply a resistor with a resistance of 0 Ω. The basic relation between

voltage, current, and resistance for a resistor is known as Ohm’s Law, which can be written three

ways:

V = I * R Voltage = Current * Resistance

I = V / R Current = Voltage / Resistance

R = V / I Resistance = Voltage / Current

The left side of Figure 1.1 shows a circuit element representation of a resistor, of resistance R.

Whenever we define voltage, we must clearly specify the two points across which the potential is

defined. Typically we label voltages with + and –, defining the voltage V as the potential to produce

current from the + down to the –. When defining current we draw an arrow signifying the direction of

the current. If the voltage V is positive, then the current I will be positive meaning the current is down

in this figure. However, because electrons have negative charge, the electrons are actually flowing

up. According to the passive sign convention, we define positive current as the direction of the flow

of positive charge (or the opposite direction of the flow of negative charge). The middle of Figure 1.1

shows a circuit with a 1 kΩ resistor placed across a 3.7 V battery. According to Ohm’s Law, 3.7 mA

of current will flow down across the resistor. In this circuit, current flows clockwise from the +

terminal of the battery, down across the resistor, and then back to the – terminal of the battery.

Figure 1.1. The voltage and current definitions; a circuit with a battery; and a

drawing of a resistor.

Checkpoint 1.1: There is 1 V across a resistor, and 2 mA is flowing. What is the resistance?

Checkpoint 1.2: There is 5V across a 100 Ω resistor. How much current is flowing?

Checkpoint 1.3: What happens if you place a wire directly from + terminal to the –terminal of a

battery?

There are two analogous physical scenarios that might help you understand the concept of voltage,

current, and resistance. The first analogy is flowing water through a pipe. We place a large reservoir

of water in a tower, connect the water through a pipe, and attach a faucet at the bottom of the pipe, see

Figure 1.2. In this case pressure is analogous to voltage, water flow is analogous to current, and fluid

resistance of the faucet is analogous to electrical resistance. Notice that water pressure is defined as

the potential to cause water to flow, and it is measured between two places. Pressure has a polarity,

and water flow has a direction. If the faucet is turned all the way off, its resistance is infinite, and no

water flows. If the faucet is turned all the way on, its resistance is not zero, but some finite amount.

As we turn the faucet we are varying the fluid resistance. The fluid resistance will determine the

amount of flow:

Flow = Pressure/Resistance

Figure 1.2. Three analogous physical systems demonstrating Ohm’s Law.

Checkpoint 1.4: If pressure is measured in Newtons/m

(Pascal) and flow measured in m

/sec, what

are the units of fluid resistance?

A second analogy is heat flow across a solid. If we generate a temperature gradient across a solid,

heat will flow from the hot side to the cold side (right side of Figure 1.2). This solid could be a glass

window on a house or the wall of your coffee cup. In this case temperature gradient is analogous to

voltage, heat flow is analogous to current, and thermal resistance of the solid is analogous to

electrical resistance. Notice that potential is defined as the temperature difference between two

places. Heat flow also has a direction. If the coffee cup is made from metal, its thermal resistance is

low, lots of heat will flow, and the coffee cools off quickly. If the coffee cup is made of Styrofoam, its

resistance is high, little heat will flow, and the coffee remains hot for a long time. The thermal

resistance of the material the amount of flow:

Flow = (T1-T2)/Resistance

Checkpoint 1.5: If heat flow is measured in watts (Joules/sec) and temperature measured in ºC, what

are the units of thermal resistance?

The R-value of insulation put in the walls and ceiling of a house is usually given in units per square

area, e.g., m

∙ºC/W. The amount of heat flow across a wall is:

Flow = Area * (T1-T2)/R-value

Another important parameter occurring when current flows through a resistor is power. The power (P

in watts) dissipated in a resistor can be calculated from voltage (V in volts), current (I in amps), and

resistance (R in ohms). Interestingly, although voltage has a polarity (+ and –) and current has a

direction, power has neither a polarity nor a direction.

P = V * I Power = Voltage * Current

P = V

/ R Power = Voltage

/ Resistance

P = I

* R Power = Current

* Resistance

Checkpoint 1.6: There is 1 V across a resistor, and 2 mA is flowing. How much power is being

dissipated?

Checkpoint 1.7: There is 5V across a 100 Ω resistor. How much power is being dissipated?

The energy (E in joules) stored in a battery can be calculated from voltage (V in volts), current (I in

amps), and time (t in seconds). Energy has neither polarity nor direction.

E = V * I * t Energy = Voltage * Current * time

E = P * t Energy = Power * time

A switch is an element used to modify the behavior of the circuit (Figure 1.3). If the switch is

pressed, its resistance is 0, and current can flow across the switch. If the switch is not pressed, its

resistance is infinite, and no current will flow. In reality, the ON-resistance of a switch is less than

0.1Ω, but this is so close to zero, we can assume the ideal value of 0 in most cases. Similarly, the

OFF-resistance is actually greater than 100MΩ, but this is so close to infinity that we can again

assume the ideal value of infinity. The classic electrical circuit involves a battery, a light bulb

(modeled in this circuit as a 100Ω resistor), and a switch.

Figure 1.3. When the switch is open, no current can flow, and the bulb does not

emit light. When the switch is closed, 90 mA of current will flow, and the bulb

emits light.

Checkpoint 1.8: If the switch is on, how much power is being dissipated in the bulb?

There are a few basic rules that allow us to solve for voltages and currents within a circuit comprised

with batteries, switches, and resistors.

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