重载运算符与复制构造函数:简化编程与浅深拷贝

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本章节探讨的是"operator overloading and copy constructors",是英文原版教材中的一个重要主题,适用于英国大学的计算机科学课程,约涵盖一个讲座的内容。主要内容分为两个部分:一是函数重载与运算符,二是复制构造函数的应用。 12.1 运算符重载与函数 在编程中,函数重载是指为具有相同名称但参数类型不同的函数创建多个版本。例如,我们常见到这样的代码: ```cpp int minimum(int x, int y); double minimum(double x, double y); ``` 这种情况下,编译器可以根据传入的参数类型自动选择调用哪个函数,无需用户明确指定,如 `cout << minimum(a, b)`。然而,当试图为同一个函数名定义两个完全相同的参数列表,如: ```cpp bool foo(int x); void foo(int y); ``` 问题就会出现,因为编译器无法确定`foo(a)`调用的是哪个函数。这就是为什么在函数重载时需要谨慎,避免造成歧义。 12.2 复制构造函数 复制构造函数是一种特殊的构造函数,用于创建一个新对象的副本。当我们通过赋值操作创建一个对象时,实际上是调用了复制构造函数。它在浅拷贝和深拷贝中扮演关键角色。浅拷贝(shallow copying)只复制对象的指针或引用,而对象内部的数据结构则保持不变;深拷贝(deep copying)则是对对象及其所有成员进行完整复制,包括嵌套对象和指针。 了解复制构造函数的重要性在于,它能够确保对象在被复制时的行为符合预期,尤其是在处理复杂数据结构(如类的对象数组或链表)时。恰当的复制构造函数设计可以提高代码的可读性和性能,避免潜在的问题,如内存泄漏和数据不一致性。 总结来说,本章内容涵盖了如何通过函数重载利用常见的运算符编写更易读的代码,以及复制构造函数的作用、区别和在程序中的实际应用。理解并熟练运用这些概念对于编写高效、可维护的C++代码至关重要。在实践中,开发者需要权衡函数重载带来的便利与可能引发的混乱,并确保正确使用复制构造函数以处理数据的深层次复制。

C++ defines a class DateV3 with the following: private member variables: int year, month, day; Has three constructors and one destructor as follows: The first constructor takes three parameters, int y, int m, int n; The second is the copy constructor that takes a DateV3 object as the parameter; The third is the default constructor that takes no parameter; The destructor takes no parameter. (3) Has overloaded operators: int operator-(DateV3 & oneDate); // return difference in days between the calling object and oneDate DateV3 operator+(int inc); // return a Date object that is inc days later than the calling object DateV3 operator-(int dec); // return a Date object that is dec days earlier than the calling object DateV3 operator++(); // overload the prefix ++ operator DateV3 operator++(int); // overload the postfix ++ operator friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& outputStream, DateV3& theDate); // overload the << operator Test class DateV3 in the main function as follows: Declare and initialize an object to represent today, which should be the date that you work on this assignment.Declare and initialize an object to represent your OWN birthday.Express John’s birthday given John is 5 days older than yours. Create Tom’s birthday by using the copy constructor, assuming Tom has the same birthday as you. Display how many days have passed since your birth, John’s birth, and Tom’s birth, respectively. Create an DateV3 object, someday, by cloning Tom’s birthday. Increment someday by the prefix operator ++ once, and by postfix operator ++ once.Display someday, today, your birthday, John’s birthday, and Tom’s birthday. Declare a DateV3 object to represent 28 February 2024, display it, apply the prefix ++ operator on it, display it again, and apply the postfix ++ operator on it and display it again.

2023-06-12 上传

Write a C++ program that defines a class DateV3 with the following: (1) private member variables: int year, month, day; (2) Has three constructors and one destructor as follows: The first constructor takes three parameters, int y, int m, int n; The second is the copy constructor that takes a DateV3 object as the parameter; The third is the default constructor that takes no parameter; The destructor takes no parameter. (3) Has overloaded operators: int operator-(DateV3 & oneDate); // return difference in days between the calling object and oneDate DateV3 operator+(int inc); // return a Date object that is inc days later than the calling object DateV3 operator-(int dec); // return a Date object that is dec days earlier than the calling object DateV3 operator++(); // overload the prefix ++ operator DateV3 operator++(int); // overload the postfix ++ operator friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& outputStream, DateV3& theDate); // overload the << operator Test class DateV3 in the main function as follows: (1) Declare and initialize an object to represent today, which should be the date that you work on this assignment. (2) Declare and initialize an object to represent your OWN birthday. Programming for Engineers C++ (3) Express John’s birthday given John is 5 days older than yours. (4) Create Tom’s birthday by using the copy constructor, assuming Tom has the same birthday as you. (5) Display how many days have passed since your birth, John’s birth, and Tom’s birth, respectively. (6) Create an DateV3 object, someday, by cloning Tom’s birthday. Increment someday by the prefix operator ++ once, and by postfix operator ++ once. (7) Display someday, today, your birthday, John’s birthday, and Tom’s birthday. (8) Declare a DateV3 object to represent 28 February 2024, display it, apply the prefix ++ operator on it, display it again, and apply the postfix ++ operator on it and display it again.

2023-06-07 上传