编程指南：Programming Ruby 1.9 & 2.0

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"Pragmatic Programming Ruby 1.9 & 2.0 - The Pragmatic Programmers' Guide" 《编程实践：Ruby 1.9 和 2.0》是Dave Thomas、Chad Fowler以及Andy Hunt合著的一本关于Ruby语言的经典著作，属于第四版。这本书在Ruby社区中享有极高的声誉，被誉为程序员的实用指南。书中详细阐述了Ruby 1.9和2.0版本的关键特性、编程理念和最佳实践。 Ruby是一种动态、面向对象的脚本语言，以其简洁、灵活和表达性强而著名。在1.9和2.0这两个版本中，Ruby进行了许多改进和优化，包括性能提升、语法糖的增加以及对Unicode的更好支持。作者们通过本书引导读者深入理解Ruby的精髓，不仅讲解了语言的基础知识，还涵盖了高级主题，如元编程、模块化设计和错误处理。书中的主要内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **基础语法**：介绍Ruby的基本数据类型（如字符串、数字、数组和哈希）、控制结构（如条件语句和循环）以及方法定义和调用。 2. **面向对象编程**：探讨Ruby的类和对象系统，包括继承、模块（用于命名空间管理和混入行为）以及元编程能力，如定义和修改类及方法在运行时。 3. **函数式编程**：Ruby中也包含了函数式编程的元素，如块、 Proc 和 Lambda，以及迭代器和高阶函数的使用。 4. **异常处理**：详述如何在Ruby中捕获和处理异常，以实现健壮的代码。 5. **标准库和Gem**：介绍Ruby的标准库，包括文件系统操作、网络通信、日期和时间处理等，以及如何使用和开发Ruby的Gem包管理系统。 6. **测试和调试**：强调测试驱动开发（TDD）和行为驱动开发（BDD），并介绍如何使用Ruby的测试框架如RSpec和MiniTest进行测试。 7. **性能优化**：讨论Ruby的性能分析和优化技巧，包括代码的效率和内存管理。 8. **Ruby社区和工具**：向读者介绍Ruby社区的重要资源、工具链（如文本编辑器、IDE、版本控制系统）以及开发流程。 9. **最佳实践**：提供编程建议和模式，帮助开发者编写出更可读、可维护和可扩展的代码。这本书不仅是初学者学习Ruby的绝佳资源，也是经验丰富的Ruby开发者提升技能和深入理解语言原理的重要参考。作者们作为“务实程序员”（The Pragmatic Programmers）系列的发起者，倡导实用主义的编程哲学，鼓励开发者持续学习和改进。《编程实践：Ruby 1.9 和 2.0》不仅提供了丰富的技术知识，还传递了软件开发的最佳实践和思维方式，对于任何想要精通Ruby的人都是一本不可多得的读物。通过阅读此书，读者可以更好地掌握Ruby语言，提升自己的编程能力，并能够在实际项目中更有效地应用Ruby。

to take the slower approach and keep going with the tutorial that follows, or y o u can skip

ahead to the gritty details starting in Part III, followed by the library reference in Part IV.

Experts, gurus, and “I-don’t-need-no-stinking-tutorial” types can dive straight into the lan-

guage reference in Chapter 22, The Ruby Language, on page 297; skim the library reference;

and then use the book as a (rather attractive) coffee coaster.

Of course, nothing is wrong with just starting at the beginning and working your w a y

through page by page.

And don’t forget, if y o u run into a problem that y o u can’t figure out, help is available. For

more information, see Appendix 1, Support, on page 829.

Road Map • xvi

report erratum • discuss

CHAPTER 1

Getting Started

Before w e start talking about the Ruby language, it would be useful if w e helped y o u get

Ruby running on your computer. That w a y , y o u can try sample code and experiment on

your own as y o u read along. In fact, that’s probably essential if y o u want to learn Ruby—

get into the habit of writing code as you’re reading. W e will also show y o u some different

ways to run Ruby.

1.1 The Command Prompt

(Feel free to skip to the next section if you’re already comfortable at your system’s command

prompt.)

Although there’s growing support for Ruby in IDEs, you’ll probably still end up spending

some time at your system’s command prompt, also known as a shell prompt or just plain

prompt. If you’re a Linux user, you’re probably already familiar with the prompt. If y o u don’t

already have a desktop icon for it, hunt around for an application called Terminal or xterm.

(On Ubuntu, y o u can navigate to it using Applications → Accessories → Terminal.) On

Windows, you’ll want to run

cmd.exe

, accessible by typing

cmd

into the dialog box that appears

when y o u select Start → Run. On OS X, run Applications → Utilities → Terminal.app.

In all three cases, a fairly empty window will pop up. It will contain a banner and a prompt.

T r y typing

echo hello

at the prompt and hitting Enter (or Return, depending on your keyboard).

Y o u should see

hello

echoed back, and another prompt should appear.

Directories, Folders, and Navigation

It is beyond the scope of this book to teach the commands available at the prompt, but w e

do need to cover the basics of finding your w a y around.

If you’re used to a GUI tool such as Explorer on Windows or Finder on OS X for navigating

to your files, then you’ll be familiar with the idea of folders—locations on your hard drive

that can hold files and other folders.

When you’re at the command prompt, y o u have access to these same folders. But, somewhat

confusingly, at the prompt these folders are called directories (because they contain lists of

other directories and files). These directories are organized into a strict hierarchy. On Unix-

based systems (including OS X), there’s one top-level directory, called

(a forward slash).

On Windows, there is a top-level directory for each drive on your system, so you’ll find the

top level for your

drive at

C:\

(that’s the drive letter

, a colon, and a backslash).

report erratum • discuss

The path to a file or directory is the set of directories that y o u have to traverse to get to it

from the top-level directory, followed by the name of the file or directory itself. Each compo-

nent in this name is separated by a forward slash (on Unix) or a backslash (on Windows).

So, if y o u organized your projects in a directory called

projects

under the top-level directory

and if the

projects

directory had a subdirectory for your

time_planner

project, the full path to

the README file would be

/projects/time_planner/readme.txt

on Unix and

C:\projects\time_plan-

ner\readme.txt

on Windows.

Spaces in Directory Names and Filenames

Most operating systems now allow yo u to create folders with spaces in their names. This is great when

you’re working at the GUI level. However, from the command prompt, spaces can be a headache,

because the shell that interprets what yo u type will treat the spaces in file and folder names as being

parameter separators and not as part of the name. Y o u can get around this, but it generally isn’t worth

the hassle. If yo u are creating new folders and files, it’s easiest to avoid spaces in their names.

T o navigate to a directory, use the

command. (Because the Unix prompt varies from system

to system, we’ll just use a single dollar sign to represent it here.)

$ cd /projects/time_planner (on Unix)

C:\> cd \projects\time_planner (on Windows)

On Unix boxes, y o u probably don’t want to be creating top-level directories. Instead, Unix

gives each user their own home directory. So, if your username is

dave

, your home directory

might be located in

/usr/dave

/home/dave

, or

/Users/dave

. At the shell prompt, the special char-

acter

(a single tilde) stands for the path to your home directory. Y o u can always change

directories to your home directory using

cd ~

, which can also be abbreviated to just

T o find out the directory you’re currently in, y o u can type

pwd

(on Unix) or

on Windows.

So, for Unix users, y o u could type this:

$ cd /projects/time_planner

$ pwd

/projects/time_planner

$ cd

$ pwd

/Users/dave

On Windows, there’s no real concept of a user’s home directory:

C:\> cd \projects\time_planner

C:\projects\time_planner> cd \projects

C:\projects>

Y o u can create a new directory under the current directory using the

mkdir

command:

$ cd /projects

$ mkdir expense_tracker

$ cd expense_tracker

$ pwd

/projects/expense_tracker

Notice that to change to the new directory, w e could just give its name relative to the current

directory—we don’t have to enter the full path.

Chapter 1. Getting Started • 4

report erratum • discuss

W e suggest y o u create a directory called

pickaxe

to hold the code y o u write while reading

this book:

$ mkdir ~/pickaxe (on Unix)

C:\> mkdir \pickaxe (on Windows)

Get into the habit of changing into that directory before y o u start work:

$ cd ~/pickaxe (on Unix)

C:\> cd \pickaxe (on Windows)

1.2 Installing Ruby

Ruby comes preinstalled on many Linux distributions, and Mac OS X includes Ruby (although

the version of Ruby that comes with OS X is normally several releases behind the current

Ruby version). T r y typing

ruby - v

at a command prompt—you may be pleasantly surprised.

If y o u don’t already have Ruby on your system or if you’d like to upgrade to a newer version

(remembering that this book describes Ruby 1.9 and Ruby 2.0), y o u can install it pretty

simply. What y o u do next depends on your operating system.

Installing on Windows

There are two options for installing Ruby on Windows. The first is a simple installer pack-

age—download it, and you’ll have Ruby up and running in minutes. The second is slightly

more complex but gives y o u the flexibility of easily managing multiple Ruby environments

on the same computer at the same time. Whichever option y o u choose, you’ll first need to

download and install a working Ruby.

Install Ruby with RubyInstaller

The simple solution (and probably the right one to use if you’re not planning on running

multiple versions of Ruby at the same time) is Luis Lavena’s RubyInstaller.org.

Simply navigate to

http://rubyinstaller.org

, click the big DOWNLOAD button, and select the

Ruby version y o u want. Save the file to your downloads folder, and then run it once it has

downloaded. Click through the Windows nanny warnings, and you’ll come to a conventional

installer. Accept the defaults, and when the installer finishes, you’ll have an entry for Ruby

in your All Programs menu of the Start menu:

Select Start Command Prompt with Ruby to open a copy of the Windows command shell with

the environment set up to run Ruby.

report erratum • discuss

Installing Ruby • 5

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