Linux设备驱动开发第三版详解

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"Linux Device Driver 3rd Edition.pdf" 《Linux Device Driver 3rd Edition》是Linux内核驱动程序开发的经典教程，旨在帮助开发者理解和编写针对Linux操作系统的设备驱动。这本书详细介绍了如何与Linux内核交互，以实现硬件设备的正确控制和管理。以下是书中的关键知识点： 1. **设备驱动基础**：讲解了设备驱动的基本概念，包括它们在操作系统中的角色，以及如何分类（字符设备、块设备、网络设备等）。 2. **内核接口**：详细介绍Linux内核提供的API和数据结构，如sysfs和kobject，供驱动程序开发者用于注册、初始化和管理设备。 3. **内存管理**：讨论了Linux内核的内存管理机制，包括物理内存、虚拟内存、页表以及如何在驱动程序中安全地分配和释放内存。 4. **中断处理**：解释了中断的概念，中断处理的流程，以及中断上下文中的限制，包括中断处理函数的异步性和同步性。 5. **I/O端口和总线**：介绍了如何访问硬件设备的I/O端口，以及PCI、USB、SPI等总线的驱动开发。 6. **DMA（直接存储器访问）**：阐述了DMA的工作原理，如何设置DMA传输，以及在驱动中如何有效地利用DMA提高数据传输效率。 7. **字符设备驱动**：详述了字符设备驱动的实现，包括open、read、write、ioctl等系统调用的处理。 8. **块设备驱动**：讨论块设备驱动的设计，如请求队列、缓冲策略和多线程处理，以及如何实现RAID或磁盘加密功能。 9. **网络设备驱动**：涵盖了网络驱动的开发，包括协议栈的集成、接收和发送数据包的处理。 10. **电源管理与 suspend/resume**：讲解如何使驱动支持电源管理，包括设备休眠和恢复的处理。 11. **调试技巧**：提供了各种调试工具和方法，如kdb、kgdb、sysfs调试输出和日志记录。 12. **模块化编程**：解释如何将驱动程序编写成内核模块，便于加载和卸载，以及模块参数的使用。此外，书中还提到了与其他开源项目和资源的关联，如O'Reilly出版的其他Linux相关书籍，例如《Understanding the Linux Kernel》、《Linux in a Nutshell》等，这些资源可以作为深入学习Linux技术的补充。ONLamp.com则是一个专注于开源Web平台的网站，提供Linux、Apache、MySQL和PHP/Perl/Python的相关资讯。O'Reilly的Conferences和Safari Bookshelf提供了更广泛的在线学习和交流机会，以及数千本技术书籍的在线访问。通过阅读《Linux Device Driver 3rd Edition》，开发者能够获得编写高效、可靠设备驱动的全面知识，从而更好地支持Linux系统下的硬件设备操作。

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xvi

Preface

Pay special attention to notes set apart from the text with the following icons:

This is a tip. It contains useful supplementary information about the

topic at hand.

This is a warning. It helps you solve and avoid annoying problems.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in

this book in your programs and documentation. The code samples are covered by a

dual BSD/GPL license.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the

title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Linux Device Drivers, Third Edi-

tion, by Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman. Copyright

2005 O’Reilly Media, Inc., 0-596-00590-3.”

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

xvii

Safari Enabled

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Acknowledgments

This book, of course, was not written in a vacuum; we would like to thank the many

people who have helped to make it possible.

Thanks to our editor, Andy Oram; this book is a vastly better product as a result of

his efforts. And obviously we owe a lot to the smart people who have laid the philo-

sophical and practical foundations of the current free software renaissance.

The first edition was technically reviewed by Alan Cox, Greg Hankins, Hans Ler-

men, Heiko Eissfeldt, and Miguel de Icaza (in alphabetic order by first name). The

technical reviewers for the second edition were Allan B. Cruse, Christian Morgner,

Jake Edge, Jeff Garzik, Jens Axboe, Jerry Cooperstein, Jerome Peter Lynch, Michael

Kerrisk, Paul Kinzelman, and Raph Levien. Reviewers for the third edition were

Allan B. Cruse, Christian Morgner, James Bottomley, Jerry Cooperstein, Patrick

Mochel, Paul Kinzelman, and Robert Love. Together, these people have put a vast

amount of effort into finding problems and pointing out possible improvements to

our writing.

Last but certainly not least, we thank the Linux developers for their relentless work.

This includes both the kernel programmers and the user-space people, who often get

forgotten. In this book, we chose never to call them by name in order to avoid being

unfair to someone we might forget. We sometimes made an exception to this rule

and called Linus by name; we hope he doesn’t mind.

Jon

I must begin by thanking my wife Laura and my children Michele and Giulia for fill-

ing my life with joy and patiently putting up with my distraction while working on

this edition. The subscribers of LWN.net have, through their generosity, enabled

much of this work to happen. The Linux kernel developers have done me a great ser-

vice by letting me be a part of their community, answering my questions, and setting

me straight when I got confused. Thanks are due to readers of the second edition of

this book whose comments, offered at Linux gatherings over much of the world,

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xviii

Preface

have been gratifying and inspiring. And I would especially like to thank Alessandro

Rubini for starting this whole exercise with the first edition (and staying with it

through the current edition); and Greg Kroah-Hartman, who has brought his consid-

erable skills to bear on several chapters, with great results.

Alessandro

I would like to thank the people that made this work possible. First of all, the incred-

ible patience of Federica, who went as far as letting me review the first edition dur-

ing our honeymoon, with a laptop in the tent. I want to thank Giorgio and Giulia,

who have been involved in later editions of the book and happily accepted to be sons

of “a gnu” who often works late in the night. I owe a lot to all the free-software

authors who actually taught me how to program by making their work available for

anyone to study. But for this edition, I’m mostly grateful to Jon and Greg, who have

been great mates in this work; it couldn’t have existed without each and both of

them, as the code base is bigger and tougher, while my time is a scarcer resource,

always contended for by clients, free software issues, and expired deadlines. Jon has

been a great leader for this edition; both have been very productive and technically

invaluable in supplementing my small-scale and embedded view toward program-

ming with their expertise about SMP and number crunchers.

Greg

I would like to thank my wife Shannon and my children Madeline and Griffin for

their understanding and patience while I took the time to work on this book. If it

were not for their support of my original Linux development efforts, I would not be

able to do this book at all. Thanks also to Alessandro and Jon for offering to let me

work on this book; I am honored that they let me participate in it. Much gratitude is

given to all of the Linux kernel programmers, who were unselfish enough to write

code in the public view, so that I and others could learn so much from just reading it.

Also, for everyone who has ever sent me bug reports, critiqued my code, and flamed

me for doing stupid things, you have all taught me so much about how to be a better

programmer and, throughout it all, made me feel very welcome to be part of this

community. Thank you.

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Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to

Device Drivers

One of the many advantages of free operating systems, as typified by Linux, is that

their internals are open for all to view. The operating system, once a dark and myste-

rious area whose code was restricted to a small number of programmers, can now be

readily examined, understood, and modified by anybody with the requisite skills.

Linux has helped to democratize operating systems. The Linux kernel remains a

large and complex body of code, however, and would-be kernel hackers need an

entry point where they can approach the code without being overwhelmed by com-

plexity. Often, device drivers provide that gateway.

Device drivers take on a special role in the Linux kernel. They are distinct “black

boxes” that make a particular piece of hardware respond to a well-defined internal

programming interface; they hide completely the details of how the device works.

User activities are performed by means of a set of standardized calls that are indepen-

dent of the specific driver; mapping those calls to device-specific operations that act

on real hardware is then the role of the device driver. This programming interface is

such that drivers can be built separately from the rest of the kernel and “plugged in”

at runtime when needed. This modularity makes Linux drivers easy to write, to the

point that there are now hundreds of them available.

There are a number of reasons to be interested in the writing of Linux device drivers.

The rate at which new hardware becomes available (and obsolete!) alone guarantees

that driver writers will be busy for the foreseeable future. Individuals may need to

know about drivers in order to gain access to a particular device that is of interest to

them. Hardware vendors, by making a Linux driver available for their products, can

add the large and growing Linux user base to their potential markets. And the open

source nature of the Linux system means that if the driver writer wishes, the source

to a driver can be quickly disseminated to millions of users.

This book teaches you how to write your own drivers and how to hack around in

related parts of the kernel. We have taken a device-independent approach; the pro-

gramming techniques and interfaces are presented, whenever possible, without being

tied to any specific device. Each driver is different; as a driver writer, you need to

,ch01.2168 Page 1 Thursday, January 20, 2005 9:21 AM

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Device Drivers

understand your specific device well. But most of the principles and basic tech-

niques are the same for all drivers. This book cannot teach you about your device,

but it gives you a handle on the background you need to make your device work.

As you learn to write drivers, you find out a lot about the Linux kernel in general;

this may help you understand how your machine works and why things aren’t

always as fast as you expect or don’t do quite what you want. We introduce new

ideas gradually, starting off with very simple drivers and building on them; every new

concept is accompanied by sample code that doesn’t need special hardware to be

tested.

This chapter doesn’t actually get into writing code. However, we introduce some

background concepts about the Linux kernel that you’ll be glad you know later,

when we do launch into programming.

The Role of the Device Driver

As a programmer, you are able to make your own choices about your driver, and

choose an acceptable trade-off between the programming time required and the flexi-

bility of the result. Though it may appear strange to say that a driver is “flexible,” we

like this word because it emphasizes that the role of a device driver is providing

mechanism, not policy.

The distinction between mechanism and policy is one of the best ideas behind the

Unix design. Most programming problems can indeed be split into two parts: “what

capabilities are to be provided” (the mechanism) and “how those capabilities can be

used” (the policy). If the two issues are addressed by different parts of the program,

or even by different programs altogether, the software package is much easier to

develop and to adapt to particular needs.

For example, Unix management of the graphic display is split between the X server,

which knows the hardware and offers a unified interface to user programs, and the

window and session managers, which implement a particular policy without know-

ing anything about the hardware. People can use the same window manager on dif-

ferent hardware, and different users can run different configurations on the same

workstation. Even completely different desktop environments, such as KDE and

GNOME, can coexist on the same system. Another example is the layered structure

of TCP/IP networking: the operating system offers the socket abstraction, which

implements no policy regarding the data to be transferred, while different servers are

in charge of the services (and their associated policies). Moreover, a server like ftpd

provides the file transfer mechanism, while users can use whatever client they prefer;

both command-line and graphic clients exist, and anyone can write a new user inter-

face to transfer files.

Where drivers are concerned, the same separation of mechanism and policy applies.

The floppy driver is policy free—its role is only to show the diskette as a continuous

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