IEEE 802.11u: 无线LAN与外部网络互操作规范
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"802.11u-2011 Spec"
802.11u是IEEE标准的一个重要修正案，旨在增强无线局域网（WLAN）设备与外部网络，特别是热点和公共网络的互操作性，无论这些服务是基于订阅还是免费的。该标准是IEEE 802.11系列的一部分，专注于无线MAC（介质访问控制）和PHY（物理层）规范。802.11u被命名为“第9修正案：与外部网络的互操作性”，它是在2007年基础版的802.11标准之上，结合了后续的802.11k、802.11r、802.11y、802.11w、802.11n、802.11p、802.11z和802.11v等多个修正案的更新。
这个标准的关键特性包括：
1. **通用接入协议（GAP）**：802.11u引入了通用接入协议，使得无线设备能够识别并连接到不同类型的网络，包括不同技术、认证方式或服务质量（QoS）的网络。
2. **移动互联网接入发现和选择（MIAD）**：MIAD允许设备自动发现可用的外部网络，并根据用户设置或网络条件选择最佳的接入点。这涉及网络的元数据交换，如信号强度、网络类型和费用信息。
3. **网络信息服务（NIS）**：NIS提供了一个框架，用于获取关于可用网络的信息，包括网络的属性、服务、认证要求等，帮助用户做出明智的连接决策。
4. **增强的热点2.0（eHS2.0）**：802.11u为增强型热点2.0提供了基础，这是一个标准化的流程，用于简化移动设备与Wi-Fi热点之间的连接，尤其是对于移动数据漫游的情况。
5. **快速连接和切换**：802.11u结合了802.11r（快速基本服务集切换，Fast BSS Transition）的功能，提高了设备在不同Wi-Fi接入点间切换的速度和效率，减少了中断时间。
6. **安全增强**：与其他802.11修正案一起，802.11u也考虑了安全性，比如802.11w（管理帧保护）提供了对管理帧的加密，增强了网络的安全性。
7. **漫游优化**：802.11u有助于优化漫游过程，确保设备能够在保持连接质量的同时，无缝地从一个网络切换到另一个网络。
8. **跨域服务请求**：允许设备通过Wi-Fi网络请求特定的服务，如打印、文件共享或流媒体，即使这些服务不在本地网络上也可实现。
802.11u标准的实施显著提升了Wi-Fi设备的移动性和用户体验，特别是在公共场所如机场、咖啡厅和会议中心等热点区域。它促进了不同网络间的互操作性和兼容性，推动了Wi-Fi技术在各种场景中的广泛应用。
xiv Copyright © 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved
List of figures
Figure 5-6a—SSPN interface service architecture .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 5-10a—Interworking reference model ................................................................................................. 7
Figure 5-10b—ESS link illustration ................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 6-1—MAC data plane architecture .................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7-36r—GAS Query Response Fragment ID field .............................................................................. 18
Figure 7-36s—Venue Info field format ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 7-95o118—Interworking element format .......................................................................................... 23
Figure 7-95o119—Access Network Options format ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 7-95o120—Advertisement Protocol element format ......................................................................... 24
Figure 7-95o121—Advertisement Protocol Tuple format.............................................................................25
Figure 7-95o122—Query Response Info format ........................................................................................... 25
Figure 7-95o123—Expedited Bandwidth Request element format............................................................... 26
Figure 7-95o124—QoS Map Set element description................................................................................... 27
Figure 7-95o125—DSCP Exception format.................................................................................................. 27
Figure 7-95o126—DSCP Range description................................................................................................. 28
Figure 7-95o127—Roaming Consortium information element format ......................................................... 28
Figure 7-95o128—OI #1 and #2 Lengths field format.................................................................................. 29
Figure 7-95o129—Emergency Alert Identifier information element format ................................................ 29
Figure 7-95q—ANQP element format ..................................................................................................
........ 30
Figure
7-95r—ANQP Query list format........................................................................................................ 31
Figure 7-95s—ANQP Capability list format ................................................................................................. 32
Figure 7-95t—Venue Name information format ........................................................................................... 32
Figure 7-95u—Venue Name Duple field....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 7-95v—Emergency Call Number information format ....................................................................... 33
Figure 7-95w—Emergency Call Number Unit field format.......................................................................... 33
Figure 7-95x—Network Authentication Type information format ............................................................... 34
Figure 7-95y—Network Authentication Type Unit field format................................................................... 34
Figure 7-95z—Roaming Consortium list format........................................................................................... 35
Figure 7-95aa—OI Duple format .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 7-95ab—ANQP vendor-specific query format .................................................................................. 36
Figure 7-95ac—IP Address Type Availability information ..........................................................................36
Figure 7-95ad—IP Address field format ....................................................................................................... 36
Figure 7-95ae—NAI Realm list format ......................................................................................................... 37
Figure 7-95af—NAI Realm Data field format .............................................................................................. 38
Figure 7-95ag—NAI Realm Encoding subfield format ................................................................................38
Figure 7-95ah—EAP Method subfield format .............................................................................................. 38
Figure 7-95ai—Authentication Parameter subfield format ........................................................................... 39
Figure 7-95aj—3GPP Cellular Network information format ........................................................................ 41
Figure 7-95ak—AP
Geospatial Location format.
.......................................................................................... 41
Figure 7-95al—AP Civic Location format .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 7-95am—AP Location Public Identifier URI format......................................................................... 42
Figure 7-95ao—Domain Name field format ................................................................................................. 43
Figure 7-95ap—Emergency Alert URI information format .......................................................................... 43
Figure 7-95aq—Emergency NAI element format ......................................................................................... 43
Figure 7-95an—Domain Name list format .................................................................................................... 43
Figure 7-101h10—Query Request length field ............................................................................................. 47
Figure 7-101h11—Query Request field ........................................................................................................ 47
Figure 7-101h12—GAS Comeback Delay field............................................................................................ 48
Figure 7-101h13—Query Response length field ........................................................................................... 48
Figure 7-101h14—Query Response field ...................................................................................................... 48
Figure 11-24—GAS message sequence with dot11GASPauseForServerResponse set to true..................... 76
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