理解Tkinter基础：从简单程序开始

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"Thinking in Tkinter (2005).pdf 是一本关于学习Tkinter GUI编程的电子书。作者在描述中提到，他在自学Tkinter时发现书籍通常过于急于介绍各种控件，而忽视了基础概念的解释，这使得学习过程变得困难。书中通过一些简短的程序来介绍如何理解Tkinter的基本思想，尤其是专注于使用pack几何管理器，而没有涉及grid或place几何管理器。此资源包含了系列的所有源代码，适合初学者作为理解Tkinter概念的起点。" 在《Thinking in Tkinter》这本书中，作者旨在解决Tkinter初学者面临的一个常见问题，即缺乏对基础概念的清晰解释。很多教程或书籍倾向于快速列举Tkinter提供的各种控件，而没有帮助读者建立起如何利用这些工具进行有效布局和交互设计的思维方式。作者选择关注pack几何管理器，是因为它是Tkinter中最基本且常用的布局方式之一，用于控制窗口中的控件如何填充、排列和调整大小。 Pack管理器的工作原理是基于容器（如框架Frame）内的空间分配，它可以将控件沿水平或垂直方向“打包”在一起，根据需要自动扩展或收缩。通过使用side参数（如LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, BOTTOM），可以指定控件相对于容器边缘的位置，使用fill和expand参数可以控制控件是否应填满可用空间以及如何扩展。在学习Tkinter时，掌握pack几何管理器的概念对于创建响应式用户界面至关重要。例如，理解如何使用pack()方法以及其相关的选项（如ipadx, ipady, padx, pady等）可以精确控制控件间的间距和对齐方式。此外，了解如何组合多个容器和控件，以及如何利用 pack_forget() 方法动态地隐藏和显示控件，也是提升GUI设计灵活性的关键。除了pack管理器，Tkinter还提供了另外两种几何管理器：grid和place。Grid管理器允许在二维网格中定位控件，更适合复杂的布局需求；而place管理器则允许绝对定位，但通常在特定场景下使用，因为它可能导致界面不易调整和维护。尽管《Thinking in Tkinter》不涉及这两个几何管理器，但在深入学习Tkinter后，理解并灵活运用这三种布局方式将极大地提高你的GUI设计能力。通过阅读这本书及其包含的源代码，读者将能够逐步建立“Thinking in Tkinter”的思维方式，从而更好地理解和应用Tkinter库，创建自己的Python图形用户界面。

tt035.py

Using A Class Structure

In this program, we introduce the concept of structuring a Tkinter application as a set of classes.

In this program, we have added a class called MyApp and moved some of the code from the previous

program into its constructor (__init__) method. In this restructured version of the program, we do 3

different things:

(1) In our code, we define a class (MyApp) that defines how we want our GUI to look. It defines the

way we want our GUI to look and the kinds of things that we want to do with it. All of this code is put

into the constructor (__init__) method of the class. (1a)

(2) When the program executes, the first thing it does is to create an instance of the class. The

statement that creates the instance is

myapp = MyApp(root)

Note that the name of the class is "MyApp" (note the capitalization) and the name of the instance is

"myapp" (note the lack of capitalization).

Note also that this statement passes "root" as an argument into the constructor method (__init__) of

MyApp. The constructor method recognizes the root under the name "myParent". (1a)

(3) Finally, we run mainloop on the root.

Why Structure Your Application As A Class?

One of the reasons to use a class structure in your program is simply to control the program better. A

program that is structured into classes is probably -- especially if it is a very big program -- a lot easier

to understand than one that is unstructured.

A more important consideration is that structuring your application as a class helps you to avoid the use

of global variables. Eventually, as your program grows, you will probably want some of your event

handlers to be able to share information among themselves. One way is to use global variables, but

that is a very messy techniqe. A much better way is to use instance (that is, "self." variables), and for

that you must give your application a class structure. We will explore this issue in a later program in this

series.

When To Introduce Class Structuring

We've introduced the notion of a class structure for Tkinter programs early, in order to explain it and

then move on to other matters. But in actual development, you may choose to proceed differently.

In many cases, a Tkinter program starts as a simple script. All of the code is inline, as in our previous

program. Then, as you understand new dimensions of the application, the programs grows. After a

Thinking in Tkinter

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tt040.py

(1) In the previous program, we created a button object, button1, and then set its text and backround

color in a fairly straightforward way.

self.button1["text"]= "Hello, World!"

self.button1["background"] = "green"

In this program, we add three more button to Container1, using slightly different methods.

(2) For button2, the process is essentially the same as for button1, but instead of accessing the button's

dictionary, we use the button's built-in "configure" method.

(3) For button3, we see that the configure method can take multiple keyword arguments, so we can set

multiple options in a single statement.

(4) In the previous examples, setting up the button has been a two-step process: first we create the

button, then we set its properties. But it is possible to specify the button's properties at the time that

we create it. The "Button" widget (like all widgets) expects its first argument to be its parent. This is a

positional argument, not a keyword argument. But after that, you can, if you wish, add one or more

keyword arguments that specify properties of the widget.

Program Behavior

When you run this program, you should see that Container1 now contains, in addition to the original

green button, three more buttons.

Note how myContainer1 has stretched to accommodate these other buttons.

Note also that the buttons are stacked on top of each other. In the next program, we will see why they

arrange themselves this way, and see how to arrange them differently.

Program Source Code

from Tkinter import *

class MyApp:

def __init__(self, parent):

self.myContainer1 = Frame(parent)

self.myContainer1.pack()

self.button1 = Button(self.myContainer1)

self.button1["text"] = "Hello, World!" ### (1)

self.button1["background"] = "green" ### (1)

self.button1.pack()

self.button2 = Button(self.myContainer1)

self.button2.configure(text="Off to join the circus!") ### (2)

self.button2.configure(background="tan") ### (2)

self.button2.pack()

Thinking in Tkinter

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