IPv6地址规划：未来网络设计的实用指南

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IPv6 Address Planning: Designing an Address Plan for the Future 是一本由Tom Coffeen撰写的专著，针对IPv6地址规划提供深入的指导。IPv6作为下一代互联网协议，其地址空间的庞大性与IPv4显著不同，本书旨在帮助网络管理员、技术人员和决策者们应对IPv6部署过程中的挑战，以及制定未来网络的地址策略。本书的重要知识点包括： 1. IPv6地址规划概述：作者首先介绍了IPv6地址规划的必要性，因为IPv4地址空间即将耗尽，IPv6的128位地址提供了无限的潜力，这对于未来的网络架构至关重要。 2. 原理与最佳实践：书中详细阐述了IPv6地址规划的关键原则，如全球唯一标识符（Global Unicast Addresses）、链接本地地址（Link-Local Addresses）和站点局部地址（Site-Local Addresses）的使用，以及如何有效地分配这些地址以避免地址冲突和提高网络效率。 3. 实例驱动的三个阶段：书分为预备阶段、设计阶段和维护阶段，每个阶段都包含具体的操作指南和案例分析。在预备阶段，读者将学习如何评估现有网络状况，确定迁移策略；设计阶段则涵盖了地址块的划分、地址池管理以及网络拓扑考虑；维护阶段则强调了持续监控和调整的重要性，以适应不断变化的网络需求。 4. 针对Windows管理员的实用性：书中还特别关注了IPv6在Windows环境中的应用，对于Windows管理员来说，提供了实用的部署和管理建议。 5. 专家推荐：书中的内容得到了多位业界专家的高度评价，他们认为这本书填补了市场空白，是IPv6地址规划的宝贵参考资料，不仅适用于专业人员，也适合准备迁移到IPv6的组织和个人。 6. 价值和目标读者：对于那些希望顺利过渡到IPv6并从中获益的网络工程师、系统管理员、网络架构师以及对下一代互联网技术感兴趣的读者来说，这本书是一份不可或缺的实战手册。《IPv6 Address Planning: Designing an Address Plan for the Future》是一本实用且全面的指南，它深入浅出地阐述了IPv6地址规划的复杂性，并提供了实用的步骤和策略，以确保组织能够顺利迈向IPv6时代的网络世界。

trends in data-center virtualization, cloud computing, mobile networks, SDN, and the

IoT may be helpful as we discuss how IPv6 addressing plan design is likely to be impacted

by (and impact) these rapidly evolving technologies.

I’ve aspired to make IPv6 Address Planning durably useful to network architects and

engineers, whether they are:

• Getting started with IPv6 adoption

• Ramping up their IPv6 adoption efforts

• Iterating or improving their existing IPv6 addressing plans

•

Adding IPv6 to an existing IPv4 network

• Designing and implementing a “green-field” IPv6 network

Whatever your particular situation, this book aims to help you design an addressing

plan that will prove effective for years to come. To do that, you’ll need best-practice

design concepts, principles, and practical examples. This book was conceived and writ‐

ten to help provide them.

Why I Wrote This Book

Begining in 2008, I was tasked with deploying IPv6 on a large service provider network.

At the time, there was already a decent amount of technical literature on IPv6—at least

enough to make a substantial, if not entirely confident, start. (And whatever might have

been lacking in terms of documented architectural and operational practices, we at least

knew we’d need some IPv6 addresses!)

Since we had customers and infrastructure around the world, it made sense at the time

to obtain IPv6 allocations from each of the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). As a

service provider, we were used to regularly requesting and obtaining IPv4 addresses,

and it turned out to be remarkably easy to get three IPv6 allocations, one each from

ARIN, APNIC, and RIPE (for North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe respectively).

Based on documentation we submitted, each RIR assigned us an allocation (still) fairly

typical for a service provider request: one /32 of IPv6 address space (or 7.9x10

ad‐

dresses). Suddenly, after years of designing, deploying, and operating networks where

every IPv4 subnet had to be carefully constrained to preserve a limited quantity of

addresses for host assignment (along with the mostly futile attempt to preserve the

ability to aggregate prefixes), I had the reverse problem on an astronomical scale: how

the heck was I going to logically carve up a total of 3 times 7.9x10

IPv6 addresses to

number the network? What I needed was a comprehensive resource to walk me through

how to design and manage an IPv6 addressing plan. But whatever task-specific infor‐

mation existed seemed to be scattered, very uncomprehensively, across many docu‐

ments and sources.

xiv | Preface

This is, of course, not a particularly new kind of problem for any networking engineer.

Arguably, it’s a perennial condition of our profession that hopefully keeps us challenged

and engaged throughout our careers. Still, there’s no point in struggling needlessly. The

right book at the right time can go a long way toward maximizing our effectiveness and

satisfaction as network engineers and architects. More bluntly, if a book can help you

avoid dumb and costly mistakes or having to reinvent operational and architectural

practice from scratch, that’s probably a book worth reading and keeping handy.

And if you’re getting the idea that my own efforts in IPv6 address planning were thus

afflicted by the lack of such a book, you’re absolutely right! My first IPv6 addressing

plan design quickly became my second (and third, and fourth) as I struggled to shed

habits of mind and practical experiences from IPv4 that were now, if not entirely useless,

then greatly limiting.

Thus, as countless tech authors before me have similarly asserted, this is the book I wish

I’d had when I started my first IPv6 addressing plan. I sincerely hope and believe you

will find it useful.

Navigating This Book

Part I, Preparation

Chapter 1, Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Going

This chapter introduces readers to the astronomical abundance of IPv6 addressing. The

historical origins of IPv6 are explored while highlighting some of the protocol’s funda‐

mental characteristics. We also look at IP addressing methods in the early Internet and

the resulting dilemma of scale that led to the development of IPv6. The recent history

of IPv6 deployment along with IPv4 exhaustion is covered. We conclude with the out‐

look for IPv6 along with the importance of IPv6 address planning.

Chapter 2, What You Need to Know About IPv6 Addressing

Chapter 2 reviews the basics of IPv6 addressing in the context of IPv6 address planning,

including address representation, structure, and types. Improvements to the protocol

are covered, as well as the significance of a 64-bit host address portion. We’ll briefly

cover some of the issues with NAT and conclude with a real-world production loopback

address example.

Chapter 3, Planning Your IPv6 Deployment

The necessary elements of a successful overall IPv6 adoption effort are covered in this

chapter. We look at the challenge surrounding recognizing a business case for IPv6

deployment and how the cross-functional nature of the undertaking introduces unique

organizational requirements and challenges. The phases of IPv6 adoption are explored

Preface | xv

with special attention on phase 1 tasks that entail the lowest risk and cost to the existing

production network operation.

Chapter 4, IPv6 Subnetting

Chapter 4 explores the methods and concepts of IPv6 subnetting in the context of ad‐

dress planning (and in contrast to legacy practices in IPv4). Nibble-boundary subnetting

and its benefits are introduced along with hierarchical subnet grouping. Additional

subnetting methods are reviewed, and numerous examples provide an opportunity for

the reader to become more comfortable working with hexadecimal.

Part II, Design

Chapter 5, IPv6 Address Planning Concepts

The principles and techniques that will guide the reader’s IPv6 address planning efforts

are covered in Chapter 5. These include the various allocation methods, as well as plan‐

ning frameworks that have proven the most useful for other IPv6 adoption initiatives.

The key idea of site definition is covered as is the method of assigning subnets by location

and function. These and other foundational concepts aim to assist the reader in de‐

signing an IPv6 address plan that is both immediately effective, as well as long lasting.

Chapter 6, Getting IPv6 Addresses

IPv6 addresses are readily available through ISPs or Regional Internet Registries. In this

chapter, readers will learn typical IPv6 allocation types and sizes. The standards and

administrative policies guiding these allocations will be explored. Using the information

provided in the previous chapters, the reader will scope their IPv6 address plan to de‐

termine the appropriate size and type of IPv6 allocation required.

Chapter 7, Creating an IPv6 Addressing Plan

This chapter brings together the concepts and methods of the previous chapters to walk

the reader through IPv6 address planning examples. Techniques such as consistent hi‐

erarchical subnetting using nibble boundaries and the encoding of functional and geo‐

graphical significance into allocated subnet prefixes will be applied. These examples will

help demonstrate how the abundant address space available with most IPv6 allocations

provides new opportunities for building an operationally efficient address plan.

Part III, Maintenance

Chapter 8, Working with IPAM and DDI

DDI (DNS, DHCP, and IP Address Management) products and features are helping

network administrators and IT managers effectively run their networks. Chapter 8

xvi | Preface

introduces DDI and reviews how aspects of IPv6 (e.g., the 32-character hexadecimal

format of the IPv6 address) create new operational challenges for managing and mon‐

itoring change. Auto-addressing via DHCPv6 and DDNS (Dynamic DNS) offer more

scalable and flexible methods for deploying and tracking hosts. Readers will learn the

key features of DDI, as well as some of its IPv6 capabilities.

Chapter 9, Managing Growth and Change

Networks are organic entities that change and grow (or shrink!) over time. In this chap‐

ter, we review methods for IPv6 renumbering that, combined with abundant addressing,

will allow for easier network scale and integration. In addition, we’ll take a look at some

of the next-generation network technologies likely to create new integration and address

planning challenges—technologies like cloud and the Internet of Things (IoT), which

are rapidly becoming part of the networking landscape for enterprises.

Chapter 10, Keeping Your IPv6 Addresses Reachable

In Chapter 10, we’ll learn some of what we need to know to help keep our IPv6 addresses

reachable. IPv6 routing protocols will be reviewed along with the pros and cons of

adopting each. We’ll examine some of the ways in which particular protocols have been

optimized to increase resiliency or conserve router resources when running both IPv4

and IPv6 (dual-stack). We’ll also look at the impact of IPv6 packet and prefix size on

routing table limits. Finally, securing the global IPv6 routing table will be discussed

along with the associated ACL creation and maintenance best-practices.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.

Constant width

Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements

such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables,

statements, and keywords.

Constant width bold

Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter‐

mined by context.

Preface | xvii

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