Visual Studio性能测试指南：Web应用负载与压力测试

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"Performance Test Guidance for Web Applications 是一本关于使用Visual Studio进行性能测试、负载测试和压力测试的书籍，特别适合对LoadRunner不熟悉的人学习。该书由J.D. Meier、Carlos Farre、Prashant Bansode、Scott Barber和Dennis Rea等专家编写，提供了关于互联网应用性能测试的实践指导。" 在软件开发领域，性能测试是验证和评估系统在预期和超负荷工作负载下表现的关键环节。Visual Studio 提供了强大的性能测试工具，包括性能测试（Performance Testing）、负载测试（Loading Testing）和压力测试（Stress Testing），这些工具旨在帮助开发者和测试工程师确保他们的应用程序在真实世界环境中能够高效、稳定地运行。 1. **性能测试(Performance Testing)** 性能测试是为了确定系统在正常工作条件下的响应时间、处理能力和其他性能指标。它可以帮助找出瓶颈，优化系统资源的分配，确保用户获得流畅的体验。Visual Studio中的性能测试工具可以模拟多个用户并发执行操作，以测量系统在不同负载下的性能。 2. **负载测试>Loading Testing** 负载测试是将系统推向其正常或预期的最大工作负载，以观察其在高压力下的行为。这种测试旨在确定系统的最大容量和性能边界，同时确保在峰值负载下仍能保持可接受的服务质量。Visual Studio的负载测试工具允许用户创建复杂的测试场景，模拟多种用户行为，以模拟真实的网络环境。 3. **压力测试>Stress Testing** 压力测试比负载测试更为极端，目的是找出系统的崩溃点。它会持续增加负载直到系统无法正常工作，以识别系统的稳定性和可靠性。通过压力测试，开发团队可以了解系统在极端条件下的表现，从而改进其架构和代码。书中可能涵盖了以下主题： - 如何设置和配置Visual Studio的性能测试工具 - 创建和执行性能测试脚本 - 分析和解读测试结果 - 调优策略，包括代码优化和数据库查询优化 - 使用虚拟用户和自定义负载模型模拟实际用户行为 - 监控系统资源和日志分析 - 问题诊断和故障排除方法 - 长期性能监控和性能基准设定对于那些希望深入理解如何利用Visual Studio进行性能测试的读者来说，这本书无疑是宝贵的资源。它不仅提供了理论知识，还包含了大量的实践案例和技巧，帮助读者提升测试技能，确保开发出的Web应用程序在性能方面达到最佳状态。由于版权原因，这里无法提供书的具体内容，但可以肯定的是，书中的信息将有助于读者全面理解和掌握性能测试的关键要素。

Core Activities of Performance Testing

Performance testing is typically done to help identify bottlenecks in a system, establish a

baseline for future testing, support a performance tuning effort, determine compliance

with performance goals and requirements, and/or collect other performance-related data

to help stakeholders make informed decisions related to the overall quality of the

application being tested. In addition, the results from performance testing and analysis

can help you to estimate the hardware configuration required to support the application(s)

when you “go live” to production operation.

Figure 1.1 Core Performance Testing Activities

The performance testing approach used in this guide consists of the following activities:

1. Activity 1. Identify the Test Environment. Identify the physical test environment

and the production environment as well as the tools and resources available to the test

team. The physical environment includes hardware, software, and network

configurations. Having a thorough understanding of the entire test environment at the

outset enables more efficient test design and planning and helps you identify testing

challenges early in the project. In some situations, this process must be revisited

periodically throughout the project’s life cycle.

2. Activity 2. Identify Performance Acceptance Criteria. Identify the response time,

throughput, and resource utilization goals and constraints. In general, response time is

a user concern, throughput is a business concern, and resource utilization is a system

concern. Additionally, identify project success criteria that may not be captured by

those goals and constraints; for example, using performance tests to evaluate what

combination of configuration settings will result in the most desirable performance

characteristics.

3. Activity 3. Plan and Design Tests. Identify key scenarios, determine variability

among representative users and how to simulate that variability, define test data, and

establish metrics to be collected. Consolidate this information into one or more

models of system usage to be implemented, executed, and analyzed.

4. Activity 4. Configure the Test Environment. Prepare the test environment, tools,

and resources necessary to execute each strategy as features and components become

available for test. Ensure that the test environment is instrumented for resource

monitoring as necessary.

5. Activity 5. Implement the Test Design. Develop the performance tests in

accordance with the test design.

6. Activity 6. Execute the Test. Run and monitor your tests. Validate the tests, test

data, and results collection. Execute validated tests for analysis while monitoring the

test and the test environment.

7. Activity 7. Analyze Results, Report, and Retest. Consolidate and share results

data. Analyze the data both individually and as a cross-functional team. Reprioritize

the remaining tests and re-execute them as needed. When all of the metric values are

within accepted limits, none of the set thresholds have been violated, and all of the

desired information has been collected, you have finished testing that particular

scenario on that particular configuration.

Why Do Performance Testing?

At the highest level, performance testing is almost always conducted to address one or

more risks related to expense, opportunity costs, continuity, and/or corporate reputation.

Some more specific reasons for conducting performance testing include:

• Assessing release readiness by:

o Enabling you to predict or estimate the performance characteristics of an

application in production and evaluate whether or not to address performance

concerns based on those predictions. These predictions are also valuable to the

stakeholders who make decisions about whether an application is ready for

release or capable of handling future growth, or whether it requires a

performance improvement/hardware upgrade prior to release.

o Providing data indicating the likelihood of user dissatisfaction with the

performance characteristics of the system.

o Providing data to aid in the prediction of revenue losses or damaged brand

credibility due to scalability or stability issues, or due to users being

dissatisfied with application response time.

• Assessing infrastructure adequacy by:

o Evaluating the adequacy of current capacity.

o Determining the acceptability of stability.

o Determining the capacity of the application’s infrastructure, as well as

determining the future resources required to deliver acceptable application

performance.

o Comparing different system configurations to determine which works best for

both the application and the business.

o Verifying that the application exhibits the desired performance characteristics,

within budgeted resource utilization constraints.

• Assessing adequacy of developed software performance by:

o Determining the application’s desired performance characteristics before and

after changes to the software.

o Providing comparisons between the application’s current and desired

performance characteristics.

• Improving the efficiency of performance tuning by:

o Analyzing the behavior of the application at various load levels.

o Identifying bottlenecks in the application.

o Providing information related to the speed, scalability, and stability of a

product prior to production release, thus enabling you to make informed

decisions about whether and when to tune the system.

Project Context

For a performance testing project to be successful, both the approach to testing

performance and the testing itself must be relevant to the context of the project. Without

an understanding of the project context, performance testing is bound to focus on only

those items that the performance tester or test team assumes to be important, as opposed

to those that truly are important, frequently leading to wasted time, frustration, and

conflicts.

The project context is nothing more than those things that are, or may become, relevant to

achieving project success. This may include, but is not limited to:

• The overall vision or intent of the project

• Performance testing objectives

• Performance success criteria

• The development life cycle

• The project schedule

• The project budget

• Available tools and environments

• The skill set of the performance tester and the team

• The priority of detected performance concerns

• The business impact of deploying an application that performs poorly

Some examples of items that may be relevant to the performance-testing effort in your

project context include:

• Project vision. Before beginning performance testing, ensure that you understand

the current project vision. The project vision is the foundation for determining what

performance testing is necessary and valuable. Revisit the vision regularly, as it has

the potential to change as well.

• Purpose of the system. Understand the purpose of the application or system you are

testing. This will help you identify the highest-priority performance characteristics on

which you should focus your testing. You will need to know the system’s intent, the

actual hardware and software architecture deployed, and the characteristics of the

typical end user.

• Customer or user expectations. Keep customer or user expectations in mind when

planning performance testing. Remember that customer or user satisfaction is based

on expectations, not simply compliance with explicitly stated requirements.

• Business drivers. Understand the business drivers – such as business needs or

opportunities – that are constrained to some degree by budget, schedule, and/or

resources. It is important to meet your business requirements on time and within the

available budget.

• Reasons for testing performance. Understand the reasons for conducting

performance testing very early in the project. Failing to do so might lead to

ineffective performance testing. These reasons often go beyond a list of performance

acceptance criteria and are bound to change or shift priority as the project progresses,

so revisit them regularly as you and your team learn more about the application, its

performance, and the customer or user.

• Value that performance testing brings to the project. Understand the value that

performance testing is expected to bring to the project by translating the project- and

business-level objectives into specific, identifiable, and manageable performance

testing activities. Coordinate and prioritize these activities to determine which

performance testing activities are likely to add value.

• Project management and staffing. Understand the team’s organization, operation,

and communication techniques in order to conduct performance testing effectively.

• Process. Understand your team’s process and interpret how that process applies to

performance testing. If the team’s process documentation does not address

performance testing directly, extrapolate the document to include performance testing

to the best of your ability, and then get the revised document approved by the project

manager and/or process engineer.

• Compliance criteria. Understand the regulatory requirements related to your

project. Obtain compliance documents to ensure that you have the specific language

and context of any statement related to testing, as this information is critical to

determining compliance tests and ensuring a compliant product. Also understand that

the nature of performance testing makes it virtually impossible to follow the same

processes that have been developed for functional testing.

• Project schedule. Be aware of the project start and end dates, the hardware and

environment availability dates, the flow of builds and releases, and any checkpoints

and milestones in the project schedule.

The Relationship Between Performance Testing and

Tuning

When end-to-end performance testing reveals system or application characteristics that

are deemed unacceptable, many teams shift their focus from performance testing to

performance tuning, to discover what is necessary to make the application perform

acceptably. A team may also shift its focus to tuning when performance criteria have

been met but the team wants to reduce the amount of resources being used in order to

increase platform headroom, decrease the volume of hardware needed, and/or further

improve system performance.

Cooperative Effort

Although tuning is not the direct responsibility of most performance testers, the tuning

process is most effective when it is a cooperative effort between all of those concerned

with the application or system under test, including:

• Product vendors

• Architects

• Developers

• Testers

• Database administrators

• System administrators

• Network administrators

Without the cooperation of a cross-functional team, it is almost impossible to gain the

system-wide perspective necessary to resolve performance issues effectively or

efficiently.

The performance tester, or performance testing team, is a critical component of this

cooperative team as tuning typically requires additional monitoring of components,

resources, and response times under a variety of load conditions and configurations.

Generally speaking, it is the performance tester who has the tools and expertise to

provide this information in an efficient manner, making the performance tester the

enabler for tuning.

Tuning Process Overview

Tuning follows an iterative process that is usually separate from, but not independent of,

the performance testing approach a project is following. The following is a brief

overview of a typical tuning process:

• Tests are conducted with the system or application deployed in a well-defined,

controlled test environment in order to ensure that the configuration and test results at

the start of the testing process are known and reproducible.

• When the tests reveal performance characteristics deemed to be unacceptable, the

performance testing and tuning team enters a diagnosis and remediation stage

(tuning) that will require changes to be applied to the test environment and/or the

application. It is not uncommon to make temporary changes that are deliberately

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