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Synaptics TouchPad Interfacing Guide

510-000080 - A

Second Edition

Created: 2.0 March 25, 1998

Revision: 2.5 January 18, 2000

Printed: January 22, 2001

1. Overview

This guide describes how computers and other hosts interface to the Synaptics TouchPad.

The first section describes the TouchPad generally, including operating modes, features,

host interactions, and principles of operation, with many historical notes comparing older

versions of the Synaptics TouchPad with the present one, version 4.5. (See page 4.)

The Synaptics TouchPad family supports a variety of protocols for communicating with

the host computer. The next few sections describe the available protocols:

• The PS/2 protocol is the method that most portable computers use to interface with

keyboards and pointing devices. (See page 27.)

• The Serial protocol connects the pointing device to the host using a standard

RS-232 serial port. (See page 50.)

• The ADB protocol is used by Apple Macintosh family computers. (See page 64.)

In each case, the TouchPad supports the industry standard “mouse” protocol plus a

number of TouchPad-specific extensions. This Guide describes the PS/2 and Serial

protocols in complete detail, and the ADB protocol in all details not covered by Apple

publications. System architects and developers can read these sections of the Guide to

learn how to interface to the TouchPad hardware. (For detailed mechanical and electrical

data, refer to the various Model TM41xx Product Specification sheets also available from

Synaptics.)

Most operating systems provide driver software to handle the TouchPad at the hardware

level. Software developers will be more interested in the TouchPad Driver API, a high-

level interface that Microsoft Windows

applications can use to take advantage of all the

special abilities of the Synaptics TouchPad and the Synaptics drivers. (See page 73.)

The Glossary/Index (page 79) defines all the technical terms that appear in this Guide.

Synaptics, Inc.

2381 Bering Drive

San Jose, California 95131

(408) 434-0110

Fax (408) 434-9819

Synaptics TouchPad Interfacing Guide Second Edition

2. TouchPad Features

The Synaptics TouchPad is a pointing device for computers and other electronic devices.

To the user, the TouchPad is a flat, usually rectangular area of the computer which is

sensitive to finger touch. By putting the finger on the TouchPad sensor and moving the

finger around, the user can maneuver a cursor around the computer screen. By clicking a

button or tapping directly on the pad, the user can select and drag objects on the screen.

The TouchPad serves the same role in a computer system as a mouse or trackball, but its

compact size, low cost, and lack of moving parts makes it ideal for portable computers.

The Synaptics TouchPad’s advanced features make it the solution of choice for a variety

of applications above and beyond simple mouse replacement.

Synaptics offers a family of TouchPad models of various shapes and sizes, which connect

to the rest of the computer system (the “host”) using several different protocols.

However, there are also many things that all Synaptics TouchPads have in common:

They support the same features and modes; they offer roughly the same set of commands

and queries to the host; they operate according to the same principles. This first part of

the Interfacing Guide describes the common aspects of the Synaptics TouchPad.

2.1. Mouse-compatible Relative mode

When power is applied, the Synaptics TouchPad identifies itself to the host computer as a

regular mouse. This allows the TouchPad to be used with standard mouse drivers. This

mouse-compatible mode is called Relative mode because finger actions are reported to

the host in terms of relative mouse-like motions across the pad. The TouchPad reports

this relative motion to the host in mouse-compatible packets. The TouchPad generates

roughly 40–80 packets per second. Each packet reports the amount of motion in the X

(horizontal) and Y (vertical) directions that has occurred since the previous packet.

These amounts of motion are called deltas, and are written “∆X” and “∆Y”. The packet

also reports information about the left and right “mouse” buttons.

Field Size (bits) Range Meaning

∆X

±127

Amount of horizontal finger motion

∆Y

±127

Amount of vertical finger motion

Left 1 0 or 1 State of left physical button or tap/drag gesture

Right 1 0 or 1 State of right physical button

Figure 2-1. Contents of Relative packet

Because the Relative packet is designed to be compatible with the existing mouse

protocol, the exact contents of the Relative packet vary from one protocol to another. See

the later sections of this Guide for details. (For example, in the PS/2 protocol, the packet

actually reports 9-bit deltas, plus a third “middle” button which is not supported by

current Synaptics products. Also, positive ∆Y values correspond to upward motion in the

PS/2 protocol, but to downward motion in the Serial and ADB protocols.)

Synaptics TouchPad Interfacing Guide Second Edition

In Relative mode, placing the finger on the pad does not automatically cause packets to

be sent. However, moving the finger in any direction produces a sequence of packets that

describe the motion. Pressing or releasing a mouse button causes the TouchPad to send a

packet reporting this change in the state of the buttons. Tapping the finger quickly on the

pad also simulates a brief click of the left mouse button, and the “tap-and-a-half” drag

gesture simulates an extended motion with the left button held down. (Figure 2-17 of

section 2.6.4 illustrates these gestures in a technical way; the on-line help that comes with

Synaptics’ driver software has more user-oriented descriptions of the tapping gestures.)

When there are no finger motions or button state changes to report, the TouchPad ceases

to transmit packets and remains silent until the next motion or button activity.

2.2. Packet rate

The Synaptics TouchPad reports approximately 40 packets per second by default. By

setting the Rate bit of the mode byte (see section 2.5), the host can double the packet rate

to approximately 80 packets per second.

The higher packet rate is preferable because it leads to the smoothest cursor motion.

Versions 5.0 and later of the Synaptics TouchPad drivers for Windows

95 and

Windows NT

use the higher packet rate by default.

The TouchPad defaults to the lower packet rate for the benefit of slower hosts that cannot

keep up with 80 packets per second. Also, the low packet rate mode does more internal

data filtering and so may perform better in environments of extreme electrical noise.

2.3. Absolute mode

Synaptics TouchPads also support an Absolute mode of operation, where the TouchPad

transmits an extended packet which reports the absolute finger position on the pad (X, Y),

the finger pressure or contact area (Z), and various other information such as the state of

the buttons. The Synaptics Windows 95 and Windows NT drivers operate the pad in

Absolute mode; they use advanced algorithms to transform the absolute (X, Y, Z) data

into smooth relative cursor motion, plus a wide variety of tapping and scrolling gestures

and other features such as Edge Motion™.

In Absolute mode, the TouchPad reports packets continuously at the specified packet

rate, either 40 or 80 packets per second, whenever the finger is on or near the pad.

(Specifically, the TouchPad begins sending packets when Z is 8 or more.) The TouchPad

also begins sending packets whenever any button is pressed or released. Once the

TouchPad begins transmitting, it continues to send packets for one second after Z falls

below 8 and the buttons stop changing. The TouchPad does this partly to allow host

software to use the packet stream as a time base for gesture decoding, and also to

minimize the impact if the system occasionally drops a packet.

The standard Absolute packet contains the following information:

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