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N1570 Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 ISO/IEC 9899:201x

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:201x

Programming languages — C

ABSTRACT

(Cover sheet to be provided by ISO Secretariat.)

This International Standard speciﬁes the form and establishes the interpretation of

programs expressed in the programming language C. Its purpose is to promote

portability, reliability, maintainability, and efﬁcient execution of C language programs on

a variety of computing systems.

Clauses are included that detail the C language itself and the contents of the C language

execution library. Annexes summarize aspects of both of them, and enumerate factors

that inﬂuence the portability of C programs.

Although this International Standard is intended to guide knowledgeable C language

programmers as well as implementors of C language translation systems, the document

itself is not designed to serve as a tutorial.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notiﬁcation of any

relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Changes from the previous draft (N1539) are indicated by ‘‘diff marks’’ in the right

margin: deleted text is marked with ‘‘∗’’, new or changed text with ‘

‘’’.

Abstract i

ISO/IEC 9899:201x Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 N1570

6.5 Expressions ........................ 76

6.5.1 Primary expressions ................. 78

6.5.2 Postﬁx operators ................... 79

6.5.3 Unary operators ................... 88

6.5.4 Cast operators .................... 91

6.5.5 Multiplicative operators ................ 92

6.5.6 Additive operators .................. 92

6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators ................. 94

6.5.8 Relational operators .................. 95

6.5.9 Equality operators .................. 96

6.5.10 Bitwise

AND operator ................. 97

6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive

OR operator ............. 98

6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive

OR operator .............. 98

6.5.13 Logical

AND operator ................. 99

6.5.14 Logical

OR operator ................. 99

6.5.15 Conditional operator .................100

6.5.16 Assignment operators .................101

6.5.17 Comma operator ...................105

6.6 Constant expressions .....................106

6.7 Declarations ........................108

6.7.1 Storage-class speciﬁers ................109

6.7.2 Type speciﬁers ....................111

6.7.3 Type qualiﬁers ....................121

6.7.4 Function speciﬁers ..................125

6.7.5 Alignment speciﬁer ..................127

6.7.6 Declarators .....................128

6.7.7 Type names .....................136

6.7.8 Type deﬁnitions ...................137

6.7.9 Initialization ....................139

6.7.10 Static assertions ...................145

6.8 Statements and blocks ....................146

6.8.1 Labeled statements ..................146

6.8.2 Compound statement .................147

6.8.3 Expression and null statements .............147

6.8.4 Selection statements .................148

6.8.5 Iteration statements ..................150

6.8.6 Jump statements ...................151

6.9 External deﬁnitions .....................155

6.9.1 Function deﬁnitions ..................156

6.9.2 External object deﬁnitions ...............158

6.10 Preprocessing directives ...................160

6.10.1 Conditional inclusion .................162

6.10.2 Source ﬁle inclusion .................164

6.10.3 Macro replacement ..................166

iv Contents

N1570 Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 ISO/IEC 9899:201x

6.10.4 Line control .....................173

6.10.5 Error directive ....................174

6.10.6 Pragma directive ...................174

6.10.7 Null directive ....................175

6.10.8 Predeﬁned macro names ................175

6.10.9 Pragma operator ...................178

6.11 Future language directions ..................179

6.11.1 Floating types ....................179

6.11.2 Linkages of identiﬁers .................179

6.11.3 External names ...................179

6.11.4 Character escape sequences ..............179

6.11.5 Storage-class speciﬁers ................179

6.11.6 Function declarators .................179

6.11.7 Function deﬁnitions ..................179

6.11.8 Pragma directives ..................179

6.11.9 Predeﬁned macro names ................179

7. Library .............................180

7.1 Introduction ........................180

7.1.1 Deﬁnitions of terms ..................180

7.1.2 Standard headers ...................181

7.1.3 Reserved identiﬁers ..................182

7.1.4 Use of library functions ................183

7.2 Diagnostics <assert.h> ..................186

7.2.1 Program diagnostics .................186

7.3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ..............188

7.3.1 Introduction .....................188

7.3.2 Conventions .....................189

7.3.3 Branch cuts .....................189

7.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma ...........189

7.3.5 Trigonometric functions ................190

7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions .................192

7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........

194

7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions ...........195

7.3.9 Manipulation functions ................196

7.4 Character handling <ctype.h> ................200

7.4.1 Character classiﬁcation functions ............200

7.4.2 Character case mapping functions ............203

7.5 Errors <errno.h> .....................205

7.6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h> .............206

7.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma ..............208

7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions ...............209

7.6.3 Rounding ......................212

7.6.4 Environment ....................213

7.7 Characteristics of ﬂoating types <float.h> ...........216

Contents v

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