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GNU Make


GNU Make
A Program for Directing Recompilation
GNU make Version 3.81
April 2006
Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, Paul D. Smith

This file documents the GNU make utility, which determines automatically which pieces of
a large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to recompile them.
This is Edition 0.70, last updated 1 April 2006, of The GNU Make Manual, for GNU make
version 3.81.
Copyright
c
1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections,
with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover
Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
“GNU Free Documentation License.”
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software
Foundation raise funds for GNU development.”
Published by the Free Software Foundation
51 Franklin St. – Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
ISBN 1-882114-83-5
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.

i
Short Contents
1 Overview of make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 An Introduction to Makefiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Writing Makefiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Writing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5 Writing the Commands in Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6 How to Use Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7 Conditional Parts of Makefiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8 Functions for Transforming Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9 How to Run make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
10 Using Implicit Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Using make to Update Archive Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12 Features of GNU make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
13 Incompatibilities and Missing Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
14 Makefile Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
B Errors Generated by Make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
C Complex Makefile Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
D GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Index of Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
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