数码相机的Picture Transfer Protocol（PTP）标准

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"Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP)，定义于PIMA15740-2000标准，是用于数码静态摄影设备的一种通信协议，旨在确保不同设备间的互操作性。PTP设计考虑了高速接口如IrDA、USB和IEEE1394（火线）的使用，支持数码相机中的流行图像格式，包括EXIF、TIFF/EP、DCF和DPOF。此标准提供了图像引用行为、操作、响应、事件、设备属性、数据集和数据格式的标准要求，并包含可选操作和格式以及扩展机制。" Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) 是一种专门针对数码静态摄影设备（DSPDs）的通信协议，这些设备通常具有持久存储能力，能够在特定时间点捕获二维数字图像。PTP标准定义了与这些设备进行通信的要求，无论是与主机计算机、直接打印机还是其他DSPDs之间的通信，都可通过适合的传输方式进行。这个标准关注的是在各种高速接口（如红外数据协会IrDA、通用串行总线USB和IEEE1394）上实现设备间的互操作性。 PTP标准不仅规定了标准的图像处理行为，还包括了一系列的操作（operations）、响应（responses）、事件（events）、设备属性（device properties）、数据集（datasets）和数据格式，以确保不同设备间的兼容性。它还提供了一些可选操作和格式，以及扩展机制，使得制造商可以根据需要扩展功能，同时保持基本的兼容性。该标准特别支持了数码相机中广泛使用的图像格式，如国际标准化组织ISO 12234-1和ISO 12234-2定义的EXIF（Exchangeable Image File Format）和TIFF/EP（Tagged Image File Format for Electronic Publishing）。此外，它还支持了Design Rule for Camera File System（DCF），这是数码相机文件系统的设计规则，以及Digital Print Order Format（DPOF），这是一种用于指示打印订单格式的标准。 PTP的实施使得用户能够方便地在不同的设备之间转移和处理照片，无需担心兼容性问题，从而促进了数码摄影领域的快速发展。此标准由Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association, Inc.（PIMA）发布，版权受保护，并对复制有明确的许可要求。任何复制或使用该标准的行为都需要事先获得PIMA的书面许可。

PIMA 15740: 2000

Exif/JPEG:

Compressed file format for digital cameras in which the images are compressed

using the baseline JPEG standard, described in ISO 12234, and metadata and thumbnail

images are stored using TIFF tags within an application segment at the beginning of the

JPEG file.

folder:

Optional sub-structure in a hierarchical storage area that can contain data objects.

FlashPix:

Image file format, defined in FlashPix Format Specification, using a structured

storage file containing metadata and a tiled, hierarchical image representation. The tiles are

normally baseline JPEG images, and individual image tiles of a particular resolution can be

easily accessed for rapid display and editing.

ICC profile:

Data file that characterises the colour characteristics of an image capture or

image output device

IEEE 1394

: High-speed serial bus standardised by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers) currently having clock rates of 100, 200, and 400 Mbits/sec.

image aspect ratio:

Ratio of the image width to the image height.

image capture device:

Device, such as a digital still picture camera or a scanner, for

converting a scene or a fixed image such as a print, film, or transparency, to digital image

data.

image output device:

Device, such a printer or film recorder that can render a digital image

to hardcopy media.

in-band events:

Transport only provides one logical connection, so events are transmitted

on the same logical connection as operations and responses. Events are therefore only

asynchronous to the degree of data granularity for which the transport implementation allows

event interleaving.

Initiator:

Device that initiates a conversation by opening a session, and issues all formal

operations to the Responder. The Initiator is analogous to the client in the client/server

paradigm.

IrDA:

Infrared Data Association. Infrared wireless communication system that currently

supports wireless communication at data rates between 9600bps and 4Mbps.

JPEG:

Joint Photographic Experts Group. Image compression method defined in ISO/IEC

10918-1.

LogicalStorageID:

Least significant sixteen bits of a StorageID. This value uniquely

identifies one logical storage area within the physical store indicated in the

PhysicalStorageID.

Most Significant Nibble (MSN):

Most-significant four bits of the most-significant byte.

MSN:

See Most Significant Nibble.

object aggregation:

Act of taking one or more location-specific lists of objects that exists

on a particular device and grouping them together into one set.

PIMA 15740: 2000

ObjectHandle:

Device-unique 32-bit unsigned integer assigned by a device to each data

object in local persistent storage. This handle is provided to external devices, which must

use it to reference that piece of data in subsequent transactions. ObjectHandles are

guaranteed to be persistent over at least a session.

out-of-band events:

Transport provides a separate logical connection for transmitting

events, and events are therefore asynchronous from operation transactions.

PC:

Personal Computer. Personal computing device, which may employ various hardware

architectures and operating systems.

PhysicalStorageID:

Most significant sixteen bits of a StorageID. This value uniquely

identifies one physical storage area on a device, although there may be more than one logical

store per physical store.

PIMA:

Photographic & Imaging Manufacturer’s Association. This organisation serves to

represent the common interests among manufacturers of imaging technology products. See

http://www.pima.net.

PNG

: Portable Network Graphics. Extensible file format for lossless, portable, compressed

storage of raster images. PNG supports indexed-color, grayscale, truecolor, and an optional

alpha channel.

protocol:

Defined mechanisms for exchanging data between devices.

pull model:

Use paradigm for DSPDs where the object receiver initiates the operation

requests to transfer data objects from the sender.

push model:

Use paradigm for DSPDs where the object sender initiates the operation

requests to transfer data objects to the receiver.

QuickDraw picture:

File format consisting of sequences of saved drawing commands,

commonly referred to as PICT.

Responder:

Device that responds to operations from the Initiator. The Responder is

analogous to the server in the client/server paradigm.

session:

Logical connection between two devices defining a period of time during which

obtained state information, such as handle persistence, may be relied upon.

square pixel sampling:

Image having equal sample spacing in the two orthogonal sampling

directions.

StorageID:

Device-specific four byte unsigned integer (UINT32) that represents a unique

storage area that may contain data objects. The most significant sixteen bits of a StorageID

represents the PhysicalStorageID, while least significant sixteen bits of a StorageID

represents the LogicalStorageID.

transport aggregation:

Act of taking one or more transport-specific lists of conforming

devices that are logically or physically accessible in a system and grouping them into one set

that spans all transports across the particular system.

PIMA 15740: 2000

4 Digital Still Photography Device Model

4.1 Overview

Digital still photography devices (DSPDs) are used to acquire digitally encoded still images.

These devices include persistent storage capability so that any digital images and other data

acquired by the device are preserved across power cycle operations unless they are

specifically deleted.

A DSPD might support many different features. This standard supports devices with a wide

range of potential features. However, a small number of features are required for

conformance with this standard, while many others are optional. Clause 4.2,

Baseline

Requirements,

describes the required features and functionality. Annex C,

Optional Device

Features

, describes features that are not required for conformance, but should be

implementable using this standard and its extension mechanisms.

Standard data formats for datatypes and datasets are described in Clause 5,

Data Format

Specification

Clause 6,

Image and Data Object Formats

, describes required and optional support for

particular image and non-image formats and metadata. This clause also describes methods for

associating data objects.

A particular feature set places requirements on the transports used to connect the DSPD to

other devices. Clause 7,

Transports,

describes these requirements.

All DSPDs must store images in some form of storage area. Clause 8,

Persistent

Storage

describes the usage of these stores, as well as the methods for referencing them.

Clause 9,

Communication Protocol

, describes the roles of devices, sessions, and

transactions that transports are required to use in order to communicate with and/or between

DSPDs. Clause 10,

Operations

, lists the standard operations, their corresponding optional

operation codes, and their usages. Standard responses to operations are defined in Clause 11,

Responses

. The use of events is mandatory in order to ensure synchronization between

devices. Clause 12,

Events

, describes events and their usages.

In order to expose device controls and manipulate properties in a common way, a standard set

of device properties and their usages have been defined in Clause 13,

Properties

Clause 14,

Conformance

, serves as a summary of the individual operations and events that

are required to be supported by particular devices, as well as a checklist that can be used by

implementers.

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