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Introduction to the Practice of Statistics

an introductory text that focuses on data and on statistical reasoning. It is elementary in mathematical level, but conceptually rich in statistical ideas and serious in its aim to help students think about data and use statistical methods with understanding. Although the first edition of IPS was a somewhat radical departure from the then-standard course, which emphasized probability and inference, this third edition now represents the current standard, in which data analysis, design of data production, and the demands of statistical practice join probability-based inference as foci for study.
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SPSS Manual
for
Moore and McCabe’s
Introduction to the Practice of Statistics
FIFTH EDITION
LINDA SORENSEN
Algoma University
W. H. Freeman and Company
New York

ISBN: 0-7167-6363-X
EAN: 9780716763635
© 2006 by W. H. Freeman and Company
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First printing
W. H. Freeman and Company
41 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England
www.whfreeman.com

iii
Table Of Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 0. Introduction to SPSS 12.0 for Windows ...............................................................................1
0.1 Accessing SPSS 12.0 For Windows...................................................................................................1
0.2 Entering Data......................................................................................................................................2
0.3 Saving An SPSS Data File..................................................................................................................4
0.4 Opening An Existing SPSS Data File From Disk ..............................................................................5
0.5 Opening An SPSS Data File From The W. H. Freeman Web site......................................................6
0.6 Opening A Microsoft Excel Data File From Disk..............................................................................6
0.7 Defining A Variable ...........................................................................................................................7
0.8 Recoding A Variable ..........................................................................................................................9
0.9 Deleting A Case From An SPSS Data File.......................................................................................10
0.10 Opening Data Sets Not Created By SPSS Or Windows Excel.......................................................11
0.11 Printing In SPSS For Windows ......................................................................................................12
0.12 Copying From SPSS Into Microsoft Word 97................................................................................13
0.13 Using SPSS Help............................................................................................................................15
Chapter 1. Looking At Data ─Distributions.......................................................................................... 16
1.1 Displaying Distributions With Graphs .............................................................................................16
1.2 Describing Distributions With Numbers: Center And Spread.........................................................34
1.3 Density Curves And Normal Distributions.......................................................................................43
Exercises For Chapter 1..........................................................................................................................48
Chapter 2. Looking at Data — Relationships........................................................................................ 51
2.1 Scatterplots .......................................................................................................................................51
2.2 Correlation........................................................................................................................................55
2.3 Least-Squares Regression.................................................................................................................56
2.4 Cautions About Correlation And Regression ...................................................................................62
Exercises For Chapter 2..........................................................................................................................66
Chapter 3. Producing Data ..................................................................................................................... 71
3.1 First Steps .........................................................................................................................................71
3.2 Design of Experiments .....................................................................................................................71
3.3 Sampling Design...............................................................................................................................73
3.4 Toward Statistical Inference.............................................................................................................75
Exercises For Chapter 3..........................................................................................................................77
Chapter 4. Probability: The Study of Randomness .............................................................................. 79
4.1 Randomness......................................................................................................................................79
4.2 Probability Models ...........................................................................................................................81
4.3 Random Variables ............................................................................................................................85
Exercises For Chapter 4..........................................................................................................................88
Chapter 5. Sampling Distributions......................................................................................................... 89
5.1 Sampling Distributions For Counts And Proportions.......................................................................89
5.2 The Sampling Distribution Of A Sample Mean ...............................................................................91
Exercises For Chapter 5..........................................................................................................................96
Chapter 6. Introduction to Inference .....................................................................................................98
6.1 Estimating With Confidence.............................................................................................................98
6.2 Tests Of Significance......................................................................................................................103
6.3 Use And Abuse Of Tests ................................................................................................................106
6.4 Power And Inference As A Decision..............................................................................................106
Exercises For Chapter 6........................................................................................................................109
Chapter 7. Inference For Distributions................................................................................................ 112
7.1 Inference For The Mean Of A Population......................................................................................112
7.2 Comparing Two Means ..................................................................................................................123

iv
7.3 Optional Topics in Comparing Distributions .................................................................................128
Exercises For Chapter 7........................................................................................................................129
Chapter 8. Inference For Proportions.................................................................................................. 132
8.1 Inference For A Single Proportion .................................................................................................132
8.2 Comparing Two Proportions ..........................................................................................................137
Exercises For Chapter 8........................................................................................................................143
Chapter 9. Analysis of Two-Way Tables .............................................................................................145
9.1 Data Analysis For Two-Way Tables ..............................................................................................145
9.2 Inference For Two-Way Tables.....................................................................................................151
9.3 Formulas And Models For Two-Way Tables.................................................................................155
9.4 Goodness Of Fit.............................................................................................................................156
Exercises For Chapter 9........................................................................................................................157
Chapter 10. Inference for Regression .................................................................................................. 161
10.1 Simple Linear Regression.............................................................................................................161
10.2 More Detail About Simple Linear Regression .............................................................................169
Exercises For Chapter 10......................................................................................................................171
Chapter 11. Multiple Regression ..........................................................................................................173
11.1 Inference For Multiple Regression...............................................................................................173
11.2 A Case Study ................................................................................................................................173
Exercises For Chapter 11......................................................................................................................181
Chapter 12. One-Way Analysis Of Variance....................................................................................... 182
12.1 Inference For One-Way Analysis of Variance .............................................................................182
12.2 Comparing The Means .................................................................................................................185
Exercises For Chapter 12......................................................................................................................187
Chapter 13. Two-Way Analysis of Variance ....................................................................................... 189
13.1 The Two-Way ANOVA Model....................................................................................................189
13.2 Inference For Two-Way ANOVA................................................................................................191
Exercises For Chapter 13......................................................................................................................195
Chapter 14. Bootstrap Methods and Permutation Tests.................................................................... 200
14.1 The Bootstrap Idea........................................................................................................................200
14.2 First Steps In Using The Bootstrap...............................................................................................206
14.3 How Accurate Is A Bootstrap Distribution?.................................................................................207
14.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals ....................................................................................................214
14.5 Significance-Testing Using Permutation Tests.............................................................................217
Exercises For Chapter 14......................................................................................................................220
Chapter 15. Nonparametric Tests ........................................................................................................ 221
15.1 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.............................................................................................................221
15.2 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.........................................................................................................225
15.3 Kruskal-Wallis Test......................................................................................................................229
Exercises For Chapter 15......................................................................................................................231
Chapter 16. Logistic Regression ........................................................................................................... 234
16.1 The Logistic Regression Model....................................................................................................234
16.2 Inference For The Logistic Regression Model .............................................................................237
Exercises For Chapter 16......................................................................................................................239
Chapter 17. Statistical Process Control ............................................................................................... 243
17.1 Process And Statistical Control ....................................................................................................243
17.2 Using Control Charts....................................................................................................................246
17.3 Process Capability Indexes...........................................................................................................249
17.4 Control Charts For Sample Proportions .......................................................................................250
Exercises For Chapter 17......................................................................................................................252
Index ....................................................................................................................................................255

v
Preface
For me, the use of software makes statistics very interesting. Tasks that were once too tedious for me to
even contemplate are now readily completed with software such as SPSS. Advances in statistical
software have opened up a whole new frontier for exploration. I hope that you will come to share my
enthusiasm for this exploration as you work your way through this course.
This manual is a supplement to the fifth edition of Moore and McCabe’s Introduction To The Practice of
Statistics (IPS). The purpose of this manual is to show students how to perform the statistical procedures
discussed in IPS using SPSS 12.0 for Windows. This manual provides applications and examples for
each chapter of the text. The process was guided by the principles put forth by the American Statistical
Association for teaching statistics. Most of the examples and subsequent discussion come directly from
IPS. Step-by-step instructions describing how to carry out statistical analyses using SPSS 12.0 for
Windows are provided for each topic covered in the text.
SPSS has been regarded as one of the most powerful statistical packages for many years. It performs a
wide variety of statistical techniques ranging from descriptive statistics to complex multivariate
procedures. In addition, a number of improvements have been made to version 12.0 of SPSS for
Windows that make it more user-friendly.
Writing this manual has been a learning experience for me. I would like to think that I’ve been a good
learner and that this will do two things: I believe that it will improve my teaching, and I believe that it will
improve your learning.
I would like to thank Amy Shaffer, Laura Hanrahan, and Christopher Spavins of W. H. Freeman and
Company, for assisting me with this project. Also, I truly appreciate the able assistance of Sarah
Campbell.
I dedicate this work to my mother, Ida Marie Hunter (1924-2004): for the Lambert in me!
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