AFDX入门资料AFDX/ARINC664ProtocolTutorial_afdx协议

AFDX

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Embedded Systems

AFDX/ARINC 664

Protocol

Tutorial

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

What is AFDX? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Other Avionics Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

ARINC 429 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

MIL-STD-1553 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

ALOHA Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

The ALOHA Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Ethernet Local Area Networks (Broadcast Media) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

The Ethernet Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Ethernet Using Category 5 UTP Copper Twisted Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Ethernet Frame Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 2 Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Full-duplex, Switched Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Doing Away with Contention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Reducing Wire Runs and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 3 End Systems and Avionics Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

End Systems and Avionics Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 4 AFDX Communications Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

AFDX Communications Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 5 Virtual Links: Packet Routing in AFDX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Virtual Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 6 Message Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Message Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 7 Redundancy Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Redundancy Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Chapter 8 Virtual Link Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Virtual Link Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Choosing the BAG and Lmax for a Virtual Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 9 Virtual Link Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Virtual Link Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 10 Jitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 11 AFDX Message Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Implicit Message Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

ARINC 429 Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 12 The AFDX Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

The AFDX Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Appendix A AFDX Frame Addressing and Header Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Ethernet Addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

IP Header Format and Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

UDP Header Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Appendix B Referenced Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Reference List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

List of Figures

Figure 1. AFDX Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 2. ARINC 429 Communication Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Figure 3. MIL-STD-1553 Bus Communication Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 4. ALOHA Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 5. Ethernet Local Area Networks (Broadcast Media). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 6. Ethernet Frame Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 7. Full-Duplex, Switched Ethernet Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 8. AFDX versus ARINC 429 architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 9. End Systems and Avionics Subsystems Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 10. Sampling Port at Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 11. Queuing Port at Receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 12. Format of Ethernet Destination Address in AFDX Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 13. Packet Routing Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 14. Message Sent to Port 1 by the Avionics Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 15. Ethernet Frame with IP and UDP Headers and Payloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 16. A and B Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 17. AFDX Frame and Sequence Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 18. Receive Processing of Ethernet Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 19. Three Virtual Links Carried by a Physical Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 20. Virtual Link Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 21. Virtual Link Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 22. Role of Virtual Link Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 23. Two Message Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 24. ARINC 664 Message Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 25. AFDX Tx Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 26. AFDX Rx Protocol Stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Figure 27. Ethernet Source Address Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 28. IP Header Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 29. IP Unicast Address Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 30. IP Multicast Address Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 31. UDP Header Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

One of the reasons that AFDX is such an attractive tech-

nology is that it is based upon Ethernet, a mature technol-

ogy that has been continually enhanced, ever since its

inception in 1972. In fact, the commercial investment and

advancements in Ethernet have been huge compared say,

to ARINC 429, MIL-STD-1553, and other specialized data-

communications technologies.

As shown in Figure 1, an AFDX system comprises the follow-

ing components:

 Avionics Subsystem: The traditional Avionics Subsystems

on board an aircraft, such as the ﬂight control com-

puter, global positioning system, tire pressure monitoring

system, etc. An Avionics Computer System provides a

computational environment for the Avionics Subsystems.

Each Avionics Computer System contains an embedded

End System that connects the Avionics Subsystems to an

AFDX Interconnect.

 AFDX End System (End System): Provides an “interface”

between the Avionics Subsystems and the AFDX Intercon-

nect. Each Avionics Subsystem the End System interface

to guarantee a secure and reliable data interchange with

other Avionics Subsystems. This interface exports an ap-

plication program interface (API) to the various Avionics

Subsystems, enabling them to communicate with each

other through a simple message interface.

 AFDX Interconnect: A full-duplex, switched Ethernet in-

terconnect. It generally consists of a network of switches

that forward Ethernet frames to their appropriate destina-

tions. This switched Ethernet technology is a departure

from the traditional ARINC 429 unidirectional, point-to-

point technology and the MIL-STD-1553 bus technology.

Chapter 1 Overview

The Antecedents

Moving information between avionics subsystems on board

an aircraft has never been more crucial, and it is here that

electronic data transfer is playing a greater role than ever

before. Since its entry into commercial airplane service on the

Airbus A320 in 1988, the all-electronic ﬂy-by-wire system has

gained such popularity that it is becoming the only control

system used on new airliners.

But there are a host of other systems — inertial platforms,

communication systems, and the like — on aircraft, that

demand high-reliability, high-speed communications, as well.

Control systems and avionics in particular, rely on having

complete and up-to-date data delivered from source to re-

ceiver in a timely fashion. For safety-critical systems, reliable

real-time communications links are essential.

That is where AFDX comes in. Initiated by Airbus in the evolu-

tion of its A380 Aircraft, they coined the term, AFDX, for Avion-

ics Full-DupleX, switched Ethernet. AFDX brings a number of

improvements such as higher-speed data transfer — and with

regard to the host airframe — signiﬁcantly less wiring, thereby

reducing wire runs and the attendant weight.

What is AFDX?

Avionics Full DupleX Switched Ethernet (AFDX) is a standard

that deﬁnes the electrical and protocol speciﬁcations (IEEE

802.3 and ARINC 664, Part 7) for the exchange of data be-

tween Avionics Subsystems. One thousand times faster than

its predecessor, ARINC 429, it builds upon the original AFDX

concepts introduced by Airbus.

Figure 1. AFDX Network

Controllers

Actuators

Sensors

Controllers

Actuators

Sensors

Gateway

Avionics Computer System

AFDX

Interconnect

End

System

Avionics

Subsystem

Avionics

Subsystem

End

System

End

System

Avionics Computer System

Internet

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