LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1, Simplified conceptual spread spectrum system ........................................30
Figure 3-2, L-Band GNSS frequency allocations ........................................................31
Figure 3-3, Heritage GPS signal generation structure [Kaplan and Hegarty 2006] ....31
Figure 3-4, C/A code generator ...................................................................................33
Figure 3-5, Ideal autocorrelation of a PRN sequence ..................................................34
Figure 3-6, Normalised autocorrelation of GPS C/A code ..........................................35
Figure 3-7, Power spectral density of current GPS L1 signals: (unfiltered, 1W signal
power) ..................................................................................................................36
Figure 3-8, Spreading waveforms and PSD of BPSK(1), BOC(1,1)-sine, BOC(2,1)-
sine and BOC(2,1)-cosine modulations ...............................................................40
Figure 3-9, Power spectral density of future L1 GPS signals (unfiltered, 1W signal
power) ..................................................................................................................41
Figure 3-10, L2(C) code signal generation ..................................................................42
Figure 3-11, Power spectral density of future L5 GPS signal (unfiltered, 1W signal
power) ..................................................................................................................44
Figure 3-12, Power spectral density of the Galileo E1 signals (1W signal power) .....47
Figure 3-13, Power spectral density of the Galileo E6 signals (1W signal power) .....47
Figure 3-14, Power spectral density of the Galileo E5 band (1W signal power) ........48
Figure 4-1, PSK and BOC bandwidth definitions .......................................................51
Figure 4-2, Power spectral density of a BOC(10, 5) signal with sine and cosine sub-
carriers..................................................................................................................52
Figure 4-3, Matched filter equivalent to GNSS receiver .............................................52
Figure 4-4, Autocorrelations of BOC(10, 5) signals: a) unfiltered b) 24MHz
bandwidth.............................................................................................................55
Figure 4-5, a) Autocorrelations of time delayed early, prompt and late PSK signals b)
PSK discriminator curve......................................................................................55
Figure 4-6, BOC discriminator curves a) BOC(2×f
C
, f
C
) b) BOC(6×f
C
, f
C
) ................56
Figure 4-7, BOC correlation functions with different sub-carrier phasing..................57
Figure 4-8, BOC discriminator curves with different sub-carrier phasing ..................57
Figure 4-9, Timing recovery model of PSK GNSS receiver .......................................60
Figure 4-10, Representations of the PSK timing model functions ..............................60
Figure 4-11, PSK receiver groups................................................................................62
Figure 4-12, Sine and cosine BOC(f
C
, f
C
) discriminators with slope approximations.64
Figure 4-13, Depiction of discriminator error induced by the presence of multipath .67
Figure 4-14, Multipath error envelopes for wide PSK
CD
TT = and narrow PSK
2
CD
TT = ..........................................................................................................68
Figure 4-15, Multipath error envelopes of PSK-R(1) and BOC(1,1) signals
)()(
2
PSK
C
BOC
SD
TTT =×=
....................................................................................69
Figure 4-16, Multipath error envelopes for PSK-R(2) and BOC(1,1) signals
)()( PSK
C
BOC
SD
TTT ==
..........................................................................................70
Figure 4-17, Running average multipath error of PSK-R(2) and BOC(1,1) signals
)()( PSK
C
BOC
SD
TTT ==
..........................................................................................70
Figure 4-18, Multipath error envelopes for PSK-R(4) and BOC(2,1) signals
SD
TT =
..............................................................................................................................71
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