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C C++ Interview Questions
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Question No : 0
What is a container class?
Answer :
What are the types of container classes?
A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or
external storage. A container class acts as a generic holder. A
container class has a predefined behavior and a well-known interface. A
container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the
topology used for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a
container class contains a group of mixed objects, the container is
called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group
of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous
container.
Question No : 1
What is an orthogonal base class?
Answer :
If two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said
to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the
sense means that two classes operate in different dimensions and do not
interfere with each other in any way. The same derived class may
inherit such classes with no difficulty.
Question No : 2
What is a node class?
Answer :
A node class is a class that,
=>relies on the base class for services and implementation,
=>provides a wider interface to the users than its base class,
=>relies primarily on virtual functions in its public interface
=>depends on all its direct and indirect base class
=>can be understood only in the context of the base class
=>can be used as base for further derivation
=>can be used to create objects.
A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited
from its base class.
Question No : 3
Name some pure object oriented languages.
Answer :
Smalltalk, Java, Eiffel, Sather.
Question No : 4
What are proxy objects?
Answer :
Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.
template <class t="">
class Array2D
{
public:
class Array1D
{
public:
T& operator[] (int index);
const T& operator[] (int index)const;
};
Array1D operator[] (int index);
const Array1D operator[] (int index) const;
};
The following then becomes legal:
Array2D<float>data(10,20);
cout<<data[3][6]; // fine
Here data[3] yields an Array1D object
and the operator [] invocation on that object yields the float in
position(3,6) of the original two dimensional array. Clients of the
Array2D class need not be aware of the presence of the Array1D class.
Objects of this latter class stand for one-dimensional array objects
that, conceptually, do not exist for clients of Array2D. Such clients
program as if they were using real, live, two-dimensional arrays. Each
Array1D object stands for a one-dimensional array that is absent from a
conceptual model used by the clients of Array2D. In the above example,
Array1D is a proxy class. Its instances stand for one-dimensional
arrays that, conceptually, do not exist.
Question No : 5
What are the conditions that have to be met for a condition to be an invariant of the class?
Answer :
=>The condition should hold at the end of every constructor.
=>The condition should hold at the end of every mutator (non-const) operation.
Question No : 6
Define precondition and post-condition to a member function.
Answer :
Precondition: A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry
to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are
never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything
sensible if its precondition fails to hold. For example, the interface
invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element
on a stack that is already full. We say that isful() is a precondition
of the push operation. Post-condition: A post-condition is a condition
that must be true on exit from a member function if the precondition
was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly
if post-conditions are never false. For example, after pushing an
element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold.
This is a post-condition of the push operation.
Question No : 7
What do you mean by Stack unwinding?
Answer :
It is a
process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all
local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and
where it is caught.
Question No : 8
What is class invariant?
Answer :
A class invariant is a
condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical
condition to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants
must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under
all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are
both preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member
functions of the class.
Question No : 9
What is a Null object?
Answer :
It is an object of some
class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class
does not exist. One common use for a null object is a return value from
a member function that is supposed to return an object with some
specified properties but cannot find such an object.
Question No : 10
What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?
Answer :
A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member functions hide
the use of a third party software component or an object with the
non-compatible interface or a non-object-oriented implementation.
Question No : 11
Differentiate between the message and method.
Answer :
Message:
oObjects communicate by sending messages to each other.
oA message is sent to invoke a method.
Method
oProvides response to a message.
oIt is an implementation of an operation.
Question No : 12
What is a dangling pointer?
Answer :
A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after
its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning
addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the
address of the memory block after it is freed. The following
code snippet shows this:
class Sample
{
public:
int *ptr;
Sample(int i)
{
ptr = new int(i);
}
~Sample()
{
delete ptr;
}
void PrintVal()
{
cout << ?The value is ? << *ptr;
}
};
void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
cout << ?Say i am in someFunc ? << endl;
}
int main()
{
Sample s1 = 10;
SomeFunc(s1);
s1.PrintVal();
}
In the above example when PrintVal() function is
called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the
destructor in SomeFunc.
Question No : 13
*i=0;
Answer :
set the value of memory location pointed by i.
Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.
Question No : 14
int *i=0x400 // answer = ?
Answer :
i points to address 400
Question No : 15
What is an incomplete type?
Answer :
Incomplete types
refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the
implementation of the referenced location or it points to some location
whose value is not available for modification.
Question No : 16
List out some of the object-oriented methodologies.
Answer :
Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994), Object
Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991), Object
Modelling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991), Object Oriented Software
Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992), Object Oriented Analysis (OOA)
(Shlaer and Mellor 1992), The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).
Question No : 17
List out some of the OODBMS available.
Answer :
GEMSTONE/OPAL
of Gemstone systems, ONTOS of Ontos, Objectivity of Objectivity Inc,
Versant of Versant object technology, Object store of Object Design,
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