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MTR 00B0000063
MITRE TECHNICAL REPORT
JPEG 2000 and WSQ Image Compression
Interoperability
February 2001
Margaret A. Lepley
Sponsor: DOJ/FBI Contract No.: DAAB07-00-C-C201
Dept. No.: G034 Project No.: 0700E02X
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
2001 The MITRE Corporation
Center for Integrated Intelligence Systems
Bedford, Massachusetts
ii
MITRE Department Approval: /signed/
Joseph L. Howard
MITRE Project Approval: /signed/
Norman B. Nill
iii
Abstract
This report explores the degree of compatibility between the wavelet-based WSQ fingerprint
compression standard and JPEG 2000 compression standard, with a view towards identifying
coexistence or potential migration paths. Theoretical comparison of the two standards led to the
introduction of three new elements into JPEG 2000. A prototype WSQ-to-JPEG 2000 transcoder,
developed exploiting these new elements was used to test the viability of transcoding, examine errors
introduced, and measure changes in file size. Results of fingerprint compression with JPEG 2000
Part 1 alone and successive recompression with WSQ and JPEG 2000 Part 1 are also presented.
KEYWORDS: WSQ, JPEG2000, wavelet, image compression, fingerprint, FBI
iv
v
Executive Summary
This report explores the degree of compatibility between the wavelet-based WSQ fingerprint
compression standard and the JPEG 2000 compression standard. WSQ is the FBI-specified
fingerprint compression standard that is used throughout the United States criminal justice system
and internationally. JPEG 2000 is a new ISO international standard for general wavelet-based image
compression that is expected to be widely available in the future.
This study was funded by the FBI as part of MITRE’s Image Standards Development support to the
FBI, with a view to anticipating the impact of future interactions between JPEG 2000 and WSQ.
Two main segments of study occurred. In the first segment, a comparison was made between the two
compression techniques, identifying where they are the same and where different. In the second
segment, a testbed for converting WSQ files into JPEG 2000 files was created, tested, and analyzed.
Preliminary tests performed on a small set of fingerprint images gave an indication of what could be
expected from JPEG 2000 Part 1 applied to fingerprints, and interactions when both compressions are
applied sequentially to the same fingerprint (i.e., in different stages of the processing/dissemination/
storage chain). Visual inspection showed that JPEG 2000 Part 1 tended to be somewhat blockier/
blurrier than WSQ when applied to fingerprints, although the identification and matching capability
of the images did not seem to have changed appreciably.
Theoretical comparison showed that JPEG 2000 Part 1 is missing three elements present in WSQ.
These elements, if present, would allow compressed files to be easily ‘transcoded’ from one format to
the other with minimal loss in image content. Transcoding is an operation that partially decodes an
image in one format and recodes it into another format, while avoiding recomputation of intermediate
data common to both algorithms. Due to MITRE’s efforts ensuring suitable coding, testing, and
discussion within the ISO JPEG committee, these three elements were formally accepted as additions
to JPEG 2000 Part 2.
Once JPEG 2000 Part 2 contained the necessary elements, a testbed was created to allow transcoding
WSQ files into JPEG 2000 files. Although the transcoding capability was demonstrated, it was
discovered that the process inserts a certain amount of error in the resultant images when converting
from WSQ to JPEG 2000. This error was measured and, though very small, is outside the FBI’s
decoder certification specification. Visual inspection of the resultant images showed, however, that
the visible artifacts seen with JPEG 2000 Part 1 had been entirely removed and differences from the
expected WSQ output were generally not visible.
As a sidelight to the transcoding studies, it was noticed that the JPEG 2000 compressed files were
typically at least 10 percent smaller than corresponding WSQ files.
From the studies, we conclude that it will be feasible for WSQ files to be transcoded to JPEG 2000
Part 2 with no visual loss. However, since there are some minor alterations in a small percentage of
the pixel values, a separate study would be needed to investigate any impact of the small transcoding
difference for images input to an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS).
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