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Ruby 语言
Grant Ren
hyqryq@gmail.com
2010 年 11 月 24
 目            录
Ruby 语言 1
第一部分 Ruby 语言基础 6
第一章 Ruby 语言概述 6
§1.1 Ruby 的历史.....................................................................................................................................................6
§1.2 Ruby 名字的由来.............................................................................................................................................6
§1.3 Ruby 的特点.....................................................................................................................................................6
§1.4 Ruby 和 Python 的比较....................................................................................................................................7
第二章 Ruby 编程环境 7
§2.1 Ruby 的安装.....................................................................................................................................................7
§2.1.1 在 Windows 95/98/Me/XP 上安装 Ruby..............................................................................................7
§2.1.2 在 Linux 上安装 Ruby...........................................................................................................................8
§2.2 运行 Ruby.........................................................................................................................................................8
§2.2.1 使用 Ruby..............................................................................................................................................8
§2.2.2 使用 FreeRIDE 和 SciTE.....................................................................................................................10
§2.2.3 使用 fxri...............................................................................................................................................11
§2.3 Ruby-irb..........................................................................................................................................................12
§2.4 Ruby-ri............................................................................................................................................................13
§2.5 RubyGems.......................................................................................................................................................14
第三章 类与对象 15
§3.1 类的定义.........................................................................................................................................................15
§3.2 对象，属性和方法.........................................................................................................................................16
§3.3 继承.................................................................................................................................................................19
§3.4 特殊方法与特殊类.........................................................................................................................................21
§3.5 类变量与类方法.............................................................................................................................................22
§3.4 存取控制.........................................................................................................................................................23
§3.6 元类.................................................................................................................................................................25
§3.7 Ruby 的动态性...............................................................................................................................................26
§3.8 变量.................................................................................................................................................................27
§3.8.1 局部变量..............................................................................................................................................27
§3.8.2 实例变量..............................................................................................................................................28
§3.8.3 类变量..................................................................................................................................................28
§3.8.4 全局变量..............................................................................................................................................29
§3.8.5 常量......................................................................................................................................................29
§3.8 与定义有关的操作.........................................................................................................................................30

§3.8.1 alias.......................................................................................................................................................30
§3.8.2 undef.....................................................................................................................................................31
§3.8.3 defined?................................................................................................................................................32
第四章 基本类型 35
§4.1 Array................................................................................................................................................................35
§4.2 Hash.................................................................................................................................................................36
§4.3 Number............................................................................................................................................................37
§4.4 String...............................................................................................................................................................38
§4.5 Range...............................................................................................................................................................39
§4.6 Symbol............................................................................................................................................................40
§4.7 正则表达式.....................................................................................................................................................41
第五章 代码块和迭代器 42
§5.1 代码块(Block).................................................................................................................................................42
§5.1.1 什么是代码块......................................................................................................................................42
§5.1.2 代码块与对象......................................................................................................................................42
§5.2 迭代器(Iterator)..............................................................................................................................................44
§5.2.1 什么是迭代器......................................................................................................................................44
§5.2.2 使用迭代器..........................................................................................................................................44
§5.2.3 yield......................................................................................................................................................45
§5.2.4 编写自己的迭代器..............................................................................................................................46
第六章 表达式 47
§6.1 运算符.............................................................................................................................................................47
§6.2 命令替换.........................................................................................................................................................49
§6.3 赋值运算符.....................................................................................................................................................49
§6.4 并行赋值.........................................................................................................................................................51
§6.5 嵌套赋值.........................................................................................................................................................52
§6.6 其他赋值.........................................................................................................................................................52
§6.7 条件运算.........................................................................................................................................................52
§6.8 case 表达式.....................................................................................................................................................54
§6.9 循环.................................................................................................................................................................55
§6.9.1 Loop.....................................................................................................................................................55
§6.9.2 While....................................................................................................................................................56
§6.9.3 Until......................................................................................................................................................56
§6.9.4 Iterator..................................................................................................................................................56
§6.9.5 For..In...................................................................................................................................................57
§6.9.6 Break，Redo，Next............................................................................................................................57
§6.9.7 Retry.....................................................................................................................................................60
第七章 方法 61
§7.1 运算符重定义.........................................................................................................................................63
§7.2 变长参数.................................................................................................................................................63
§7.3 块调用.....................................................................................................................................................64
§7.4 方法返回值.............................................................................................................................................65
第八章 模块 67
§8.1 名字空间.........................................................................................................................................................67
§8.2 mixin................................................................................................................................................................68
§8.3 使用 mixin.......................................................................................................................................................69
§8.3.1 Comparable..........................................................................................................................................69
2

§8.3.2 Enumerable..........................................................................................................................................70

§8.3.3 Singleton..............................................................................................................................................71

§8.4 Require, load 和 include..................................................................................................................................72

第九章异常 73

§9.1 异常处理.........................................................................................................................................................73

§9.2 定义异常类.....................................................................................................................................................78

§9.3 catch 和 throw.................................................................................................................................................78

第十章多任务处理 79

§10.1 多线程处理...................................................................................................................................................80

§10.1.1 线程创建............................................................................................................................................80

§10.1.2 线程操作............................................................................................................................................81

§10.1.3 线程和异常........................................................................................................................................82

§10.1.4 线程调度............................................................................................................................................84

§10.1.5 线程同步............................................................................................................................................85

§10.2 多进程处理...................................................................................................................................................92

§10.2.1 进程创建............................................................................................................................................92

第十一章基本 I/O 操作 93

§11.1 使用 Kernel 模块处理 I/O 操作...................................................................................................................93

§11.2 文件处理.......................................................................................................................................................93

§11.3 StringIO.........................................................................................................................................................94

§11.4 Socket............................................................................................................................................................95

第十二章反射和对象空间 96

§12.1 ObjectSpace 模块..........................................................................................................................................96

§12.2 察看类和对象的状态...................................................................................................................................98

§12.3 动态方法调用.............................................................................................................................................100

§12.3.1 使用 send 方法.................................................................................................................................100

§12.3.2 使用 Method 类和 UnboundMethod 类..........................................................................................101

§12.3.3 使用 eval 方法.................................................................................................................................102

§12.3.4 性能..................................................................................................................................................103

§12.4 Hook 和回调方法.......................................................................................................................................104

§12.4.1 什么是 Hook....................................................................................................................................104

§12.4.2 Ruby 中的 Hook..............................................................................................................................104

§11.4.2 回调方法..........................................................................................................................................105

§12.5 跟踪程序的运行.........................................................................................................................................106

§12.5.1 set_trace_func..................................................................................................................................106

§12.5.2 trace_var...........................................................................................................................................107

§12.5.3 caller.................................................................................................................................................107

§12.5.3 __FILE__,__LINE__和 SCRIPT_LINES__...................................................................................107

第十三章序列化和 YAML 108

§13.1 序列化的概念.............................................................................................................................................108

§13.2 使用序列化.................................................................................................................................................108

§13.2.1 二进制数据保存..............................................................................................................................108

§13.2.2 YAML 数据保存..............................................................................................................................109

§13.3 定制序列化.................................................................................................................................................110

§13.3.1 二进制数据保存..............................................................................................................................110

§13.3.2 YAML 数据保存..............................................................................................................................111

§13.3 YAML..........................................................................................................................................................112

§13.3.1 集合类型..........................................................................................................................................113

§13.3.2 单行集合类型..................................................................................................................................116

§13.3.3 基本类型..........................................................................................................................................116

§13.3.4 块......................................................................................................................................................116

§13.3.5 别名和锚（Aliases and Anchors）.................................................................................................116

§13.3.6 文档..................................................................................................................................................116

§13.3.7 Ruby 中 YAML 的使用...................................................................................................................117

第十四章安全控制 118

§14.1 0 级..............................................................................................................................................................118

§14.1 1 级..............................................................................................................................................................119

§14.2 2 级..............................................................................................................................................................119

§14.3 3 级..............................................................................................................................................................119

§14.4 4 级..............................................................................................................................................................119

第十五章单元测试 119

§15.1 什么是单元测试.........................................................................................................................................119

§15.2 Ruby 单元测试框架...................................................................................................................................119

第二部分内置类与模块 119

第一章内置类 120

§1.1 Array..............................................................................................................................................................120

§1.2 Bignum..........................................................................................................................................................120

§1.3 Binding..........................................................................................................................................................120

§1.4 Class..............................................................................................................................................................120

§1.5 Continuation..................................................................................................................................................120

§1.6 Dir..................................................................................................................................................................122

§1.7 Exception.......................................................................................................................................................122

§1.8 FalseClass......................................................................................................................................................122

§1.9 File.................................................................................................................................................................122

§1.10 File::Stat......................................................................................................................................................122

§1.11 Fixnum.........................................................................................................................................................122

§1.12 Float.............................................................................................................................................................122

§1.13 Hash.............................................................................................................................................................122

§1.14 Integer..........................................................................................................................................................122

§1.15 IO.................................................................................................................................................................122

§1.16 MatchData...................................................................................................................................................122

§1.17 Method........................................................................................................................................................122

§1.18 Module........................................................................................................................................................122

§1.19 NilClass.......................................................................................................................................................122

§1.20 Numeric.......................................................................................................................................................122

§1.21 Object..........................................................................................................................................................122

§1.22 Proc..............................................................................................................................................................123

§1.23 Process::Status.............................................................................................................................................123

§1.24 Range...........................................................................................................................................................123

§1.25 Regexp.........................................................................................................................................................123

§1.26 String...........................................................................................................................................................123

§1.27 Struct...........................................................................................................................................................123

§1.28 Struct::Tms..................................................................................................................................................123

§1.29 Symbol........................................................................................................................................................123

§1.30 Thread..........................................................................................................................................................123

§1.31 ThreadGroup...............................................................................................................................................123

§1.32 Time.............................................................................................................................................................123

§1.33 TrueClass.....................................................................................................................................................123

§1.34 UnboundMethod.........................................................................................................................................123

第二章内置模块 124

§2.1 Comparable...................................................................................................................................................124

§2.2 Enumerable...................................................................................................................................................124

§2.3 Error..............................................................................................................................................................124

§2.4 FileTest..........................................................................................................................................................124

§2.5 GC.................................................................................................................................................................124

§2.6 Kernel............................................................................................................................................................124

§2.7 Marshal..........................................................................................................................................................124

§2.8 Math..............................................................................................................................................................124

§2.9 ObjectSpace...................................................................................................................................................124

§2.10 Process.........................................................................................................................................................124

§2.11 Process：： GID........................................................................................................................................124

§2.12 Process：： Sys.........................................................................................................................................124

§2.13 Process：： UID.......................................................................................................................................124

§2.14 Signal...........................................................................................................................................................124

第三部分 Ruby 语言总结 125

附录 129

§1 术语对照..........................................................................................................................................................129

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