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Python for Software Design is a concise introduction to software design using the Python programming language. Intended for people with no programming experience, this book starts with the most basic concepts and gradually adds new material. Some of the ideas students find most challenging, like recursion and object-oriented programming, are divided into a sequence of smaller steps and introduced over the course of several chapters.
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Think Python
How to Think Like a Computer Scientist
Version 1.1.24


Think Python
How to Think Like a Computer Scientist
Version 1.1.24
Allen Downey
Green Tea Press
Needham, Massachusetts

Copyright © 2008 Allen Downey.
Printing history:
April 2002: First edition of How to Think Like a Computer Scientist.
Augus t 2007: Major revision, changed title to How to Think Like a (Python) Programmer.
June 2008: Major revision, changed title to Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist.
Green Tea Press
9 Washburn Ave
Needham MA 02492
Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Doc-
umentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
The GNU Free Documentation License is available from
www.gnu.org
or by writing to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
The original form of this book is L
A
T
E
X source code. Compiling this L
A
T
E
X source has the effect of generating
a device-independent representation of a textbook, which can be converted to other formats and printed.
The L
A
T
E
X source for this book is available from
http://www.thinkpython.com

Preface
The strange history of this book
In January 1999 I was preparing to teach an introductory programming class in Java. I had taught
it three times and I was getting frustrated. The failure rate in the class was too high and, even for
students who succeeded, the overall level of achievement was too low.
One of the problems I saw was the books. They were too big, with too much unnecessary detail about
Java, and not enough high-level guidance about how to program. And they all suffered from the trap
door effect: they would start out easy, proceed gradually, and then somewhere around Chapter 5 the
bottom would fall out. The students would get too much new material, too fast, and I would spend
the rest of the semester picking up the pieces.
Two weeks before the first day of classes, I decided to write my own book. My goals were:
• Keep it short. It is better for students to read 10 pages than not read 50 pages.
• Be careful with vocabulary. I tried to minimize the jargon and define each term at first use.
• Build gradually. To avoid trap doors, I took the most difficult topics and split them into a
series of small steps.
• Focus on programming, not the programming language. I included the minimum useful subset
of J ava and left out the rest.
I needed a title, so on a whim I chose How to Think Like a Computer Scientist.
My first version was rough, but it worked. Students did the reading, and they understood enough
that I could spend class time on the hard topics, the interesting topics and (most important) letting
the students practice.
I released the book under the GNU Free Documentation License, which allows users to copy, modify,
and distr ibute the book.
What happened next is the cool part. Jeff Elkner, a high school t eacher in Virginia, adopted my book
and translated it into Python. He sent me a copy of his translation, and I had the unusual experience
of l earning Python by reading my own book.
Jeff and I revised the book, incorporated a case study by Chris Meyers, and in 2001 we released
How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, also under the GNU Free Doc-
umentation License. As Green Tea Press, I published the book and started selling hard copies
through Amazon.com and college book stores. Other books from Green Tea Press are available at
greenteapress.com
.
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