CygwinUserGuide（PDF）

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Cygwin User’s Guide

Table of Contents

1. Cygwin Overview.............................................................................................................1

What is it?......................................................................................................................1

Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with Windows.............................1

Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with UNIX...................................1

Are the Cygwin tools free software? .........................................................................2

A brief history of the Cygwin project........................................................................2

Highlights of Cygwin Functionality..........................................................................3

Introduction.........................................................................................................3

Supporting both Windows NT and 9x ............................................................3

Permissions and Security ..................................................................................4

File Access............................................................................................................4

Text Mode vs. Binary Mode ..............................................................................5

ANSI C Library ...................................................................................................5

Process Creation..................................................................................................5

Signals ..................................................................................................................6

Sockets..................................................................................................................6

Select.....................................................................................................................7

2. Setting Up Cygwin ...........................................................................................................9

Internet Setup................................................................................................................9

Download Source ...............................................................................................9

Selecting an Install Directory ............................................................................9

Local Package Directory ..................................................................................10

Connection Method..........................................................................................10

Choosing Mirrors..............................................................................................10

Choosing Packages...........................................................................................10

Download and Installation Progress .............................................................11

Icons....................................................................................................................11

Post-Install Scripts ............................................................................................11

Environment Variables ..............................................................................................11

Changing Cygwin’s Maximum Memory................................................................12

NT security and usage of ntsec...............................................................................13

NT security ........................................................................................................13

Process privileges .............................................................................................15

File permissions ................................................................................................15

NT SIDs in Cygwin ..........................................................................................17

The mapping leak .............................................................................................18

The ACL API .....................................................................................................19

New setuid concept..........................................................................................20

Switching User Context ...................................................................................22

Special values of user and group ids .............................................................22

Customizing bash.......................................................................................................23

3. Using Cygwin..................................................................................................................25

Mapping path names.................................................................................................25

Introduction.......................................................................................................25

The Cygwin Mount Table................................................................................25

Additional Path-related Information.............................................................26

Text and Binary modes ..............................................................................................26

The Issue ............................................................................................................26

The default Cygwin behavior .........................................................................27

Example..............................................................................................................27

Binary or text? ...................................................................................................28

Programming ....................................................................................................28

File permissions..........................................................................................................29

Special ﬁlenames ........................................................................................................29

DOS devices.......................................................................................................29

POSIX devices ...................................................................................................29

The .exe extension.............................................................................................31

iii

The /proc ﬁlesystem ........................................................................................31

The @pathnames...............................................................................................31

The CYGWIN environment variable.......................................................................32

Cygserver ....................................................................................................................33

What is Cygserver?...........................................................................................33

Cygserver command line options ..................................................................34

How to start Cygserver....................................................................................35

How to use the Cygserver services................................................................36

The Cygserver conﬁguration ﬁle....................................................................36

Cygwin Utilities..........................................................................................................37

cygcheck.............................................................................................................37

cygpath...............................................................................................................38

dumper...............................................................................................................39

getfacl .................................................................................................................40

kill .......................................................................................................................40

mkgroup.............................................................................................................42

mkpasswd..........................................................................................................42

mount .................................................................................................................44

passwd................................................................................................................46

ps.........................................................................................................................47

regtool.................................................................................................................48

setfacl..................................................................................................................49

ssp .......................................................................................................................51

strace...................................................................................................................53

umount...............................................................................................................54

Using Cygwin effectively with Windows...............................................................54

Pathnames..........................................................................................................55

Console Programs.............................................................................................55

Cygwin and Windows Networking...............................................................55

The cygutils package........................................................................................56

Creating shortcuts with cygutils ....................................................................56

Printing with cygutils ......................................................................................56

4. Programming with Cygwin ..........................................................................................59

Using GCC with Cygwin ..........................................................................................59

Console Mode Applications............................................................................59

GUI Mode Applications...................................................................................59

Debugging Cygwin Programs..................................................................................61

Building and Using DLLs .........................................................................................62

Building DLLs ...................................................................................................62

Linking Against DLLs......................................................................................63

Deﬁning Windows Resources...................................................................................63

Chapter 1. Cygwin Overview

What is it?

Cygwin is a Linux-like environment for Windows. It consists of a DLL

(cygwin1.dll), which acts as an emulation layer providing substantial POSIX

(Portable Operating System Interface) system call functionality, and a collection

of tools, which provide a Linux look and feel. The Cygwin DLL works with all

x86 versions of Windows since Windows 95. The API follows the Single Unix

Speciﬁcation

as much as possible, and then Linux practice. Two other major

differences between Cygwin and Linux are the C library (newlib instead of glibc)

and default /bin/sh, which is ash on Cygwin but bash on most Linux distributions.

With Cygwin installed, users have access to many standard UNIX utilities. They can

be used from one of the provided shells such as bash or from the Windows Command

Prompt. Additionally, programmers may write Win32 console or GUI applications

that make use of the standard Microsoft Win32 API and/or the Cygwin API. As a

result, it is possible to easily port many signiﬁcant UNIX programs without the need

for extensive changes to the source code. This includes conﬁguring and building most

of the available GNU software (including the development tools included with the

Cygwin distribution).

Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with Windows

If you are new to the world of UNIX, you may ﬁnd it difﬁcult to understand at ﬁrst.

This guide is not meant to be comprehensive, so we recommend that you use the

many available Internet resources to become acquainted with UNIX basics (search

for "UNIX basics" or "UNIX tutorial").

To install a basic Cygwin environment, run the setup.exe program and click Next

at each page. The default settings are correct for most users. If you want to know

more about what each option means, see the Section called Internet Setup in Chapter

2. Use setup.exe any time you want to update or install a Cygwin package. If you

are installing Cygwin for a speciﬁc purpose, use it to install the tools that you need.

For example, if you want to compile C++ programs, you need the gcc-g++ package

and probably a text editor like nano. When running setup.exe, clicking on categories

and packages in the package installation screen will provide you with the ability to

control what is installed or updated.

Another option is to install everything by clicking on the Default ﬁeld next to the

All category. However, be advised that this will download and install several hun-

dreds of megabytes of software to your computer. The best plan is probably to click

on individual categories and install either entire categories or packages from the cat-

egories themselves. After installation, you can ﬁnd Cygwin-speciﬁc documentation

in the /usr/share/doc/Cygwin/ directory.

Developers coming from a Windows background will ﬁnd a set of tools capable of

writing console or GUI executables that rely on the Microsoft Win32 API. The dlltool

utility may be used to write Windows Dynamically Linked Libraries (DLLs). The

resource compiler windres is also provided. All tools may be used from the Microsoft

command prompt, with full support for normal Windows pathnames.

Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with UNIX

If you are an experienced UNIX user who misses a powerful command-line envi-

ronment, you will enjoy Cygwin. Note that there are some workarounds that cause

Cygwin to behave differently than most UNIX-like operating systems; these are de-

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一千叶

2014-07-31

这个英文的好一点

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