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/ ANSIIISO9899-1990
I
for Programming Languages -
c
e-
American National Standards Institute
11 West 42nd Street
New York, New York
10036
American
National
Standard
Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the
requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have
been met by the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards
Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially
affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple
majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and
objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their
resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards
or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes,
or procedures not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in
no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard.
Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of
an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards
Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or
sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or
withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards
Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw
this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current
information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards
Institute.
Published by
American National Standards Institute
11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036
Copyright 1990 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)
All rights reserved.
These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO),
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for
resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to
ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Printed in the United States of America
ANSI/IS0 9899-l 990
(revision and redesignation of
ANSI X3.1 59-I 989)
American National Standard
for Programming Languages -
C
Secretariat
Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
Approved August 3,1992
American National Standards Institute, Inc.
ISO/lEC 9899.1990 (E,
Contents
I Scope . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Normative references . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ..I.
7 Definitions and conventions . . . .
3 Compliance . . . . . . . . .
5 Environment . . . . . . . . .
51
Conceptual models . . . . .
5.1 1 Translation environment .
5 1.2 Execution environments .
5.2
Environmental considerations . .
5.2.1 Character sets . . . .
5 3.7
.- -
Character display semantics
5.23 Signals and interrupts . .
5.2.4 Environmental limits . .
................
................
................
................
................
................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
................
6 Language . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1
6.2
63
Lexical elements
......................
6 1.1 Keywords
.....................
6.1.2 Identifiers
.....................
6.1 3 Constants
.....................
6.14 String literals
....................
6.1.5 Operators
.....................
6.1.6 Punctuators
.....................
6.1.7 Header names
....................
6. I .8 Preprocessing numbers
.................
6.1.9 Comments
.....................
Conversions
............ , ..........
6 7.1 Arithmetic operands
..................
63.2 Other operands
....................
Expressions
... , ...................
6 3 I Primary expressions
..................
6 3.2 Postfix operators
...................
6.3.3 Unary operators
....................
6.3 4 Cast operators
....................
6 3.5 Multiplicative operators
.................
6 3 6 Additive operators
....................
6 3 7 Bitwise shift operators
..................
6 3 8 Relational operators
..................
6 3 9 Equality operators
...................
6 3 IO Bituise AND operator
..................
6 3 I I Bituise exclusive OR operator
...............
6 3 12 Bitwise inclusive OR operator
...............
6 3 13 Logical AND operator
..................
6 3 II Logical OR operator
..................
6 3. IS Conditional operator
..................
I
I
2
3
s
5
5
6
IO
IO
12
I2
I2
IX
I8
19
19
25
30
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
36
38
39
39
43
45
46
46
48
48
49
50
SO
SO
51
51
51
6.4
65
6.6
6.7
6.8
69
7 Libr
71
7.2
7.3
74
6.3 16 Assignment operators . . .
6.3.17 Comma operator . . . .
Constant expressions . . . . .
Declarations . . . . . . . .
65.1 Storage-class specifiers . .
6.52 Type specifiers . . . . .
6 5.3 Type qualifiers . . . . .
6.5 4 Declarators . . . . . .
6.5.5 Type names . . . . . .
6 5.6 Type definitions . . . .
6.5 7 Initialization . . . . . .
Statements . . . . . . . . .
6 6 1 Labeled statements . . . .
6 6.2 Compound statement. or block
6.6 3 Expression and null statements
6 6.4 Selection statements . . .
6.6.5 Iteration statements . . .
6.6.6 Jump statements . . . .
External definitions . . . . . .
6.7 I Function definitions . . .
6.72 External object definitions .
Preprocessing directives . . . .
6.8.1 Conditional inclusion . . .
6.82 Source file inclusion . . .
6.8.3 Macro replacement . . . .
6.8 4 Line control . . . . . .
6.8.5 Error directive . . . . .
6.8.6 Pragma directive . . . .
6.8.7 Null directive . . . . .
6 X.8 Predefined macro names . .
Future language directions . . . .
6 Y I External names . . . . .
692
Character escape sequence\ .
6 0.3 Storage-class specifiers . .
6.Y 3 Function declarators . . .
6 Y.5 Function definitions . . .
6 9.6 Array parameters . . . .
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
.
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
‘ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
introduction . . . . . . . . . . .
7 I I Detinitiom of term\ . . . . . .
7.1 2
Standard header5 . . . . . . .
7 I 3 Reserved identitierk . . . . . .
714 Errors<errno.h> . . . . . .
7 I 5 Limits
<float. h>
and <limits. h>
7. I .6 Common detinitionh
<stddef . h>
.
7.1.7 Use 01 library function\ . . . . .
Diagnostics
<assert. h> . . . . . .
72.1 Program diagnostics . . . . . .
Character handling <ctype. h> . . . . .
7.3 I Character testing function\ . . . .
7 3 2 Character case mappIng tunctions . .
Localization
<locale.h> . . . . . .
7 1.1 Locale control . . . . . . . .
7.1 2
Numeric tormattinp convention inquiry
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
.............
............
............
............
ISO/IEC 9899 1990 tE)
i ;
_
5-I
ST
57
5x
5x
6-i
65
69
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71
75
75
75
76
77
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81
81
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85
86
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93
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9s
95
95
9.5
9.5
96
96
96
96
97
97
98
9x
99
IO1
101
I02
IO1
104
106 --
107
108
111
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