Windows调试深度探索：高级技术与实践

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"《Advanced Windows Debugging》是关于Windows高级调试的一本专业书籍，由Microsoft的系统级开发工程师撰写，提供了丰富的实践经验。本书涵盖了调试工具的介绍、调试器的基础和深入探讨、符号文件和源代码的管理、内存破坏（如栈和堆）、安全性问题、进程间通信、资源泄漏检测、同步机制调试、定制调试扩展的编写、64位调试技术、事后调试以及在Windows Vista上的基础知识和应用程序验证器的测试配置等内容。这是一本面向Windows开发人员、测试人员和技术支持人员的重要参考书，旨在帮助读者解决调试过程中的挑战。" 在Windows软件调试领域，《Advanced Windows Debugging》提供了一系列关键知识点： 1. **调试工具和调试器**：书中介绍了用于Windows调试的各种工具，包括微软的WinDbg，以及如何使用这些工具进行问题定位和解决。调试器的基础知识，如设置断点、查看内存、跟踪调用堆栈等，都是开发者必备的技能。 2. **符号文件与源文件管理**：理解PDB符号文件的作用和使用，是调试过程中理解代码执行流程的关键。书中详细解释了如何获取和使用这些文件，以关联调试信息和源代码。 3. **内存破坏**：栈内存破坏和堆内存破坏是常见的程序错误，书中分析了这两种情况的发生原因、表现和排查方法，帮助读者识别和修复这些问题。 4. **安全调试**：在现代软件开发中，安全性至关重要。书中讨论了如何通过调试来检测和防止安全漏洞，如缓冲区溢出、权限提升等。 5. **进程间通信（IPC）调试**：调试跨进程通信问题需要特殊的技术，书中有详细的案例分析，涵盖了命名管道、消息队列、套接字等常见IPC方式的调试策略。 6. **资源泄漏**：资源泄漏可能导致系统性能下降，甚至系统崩溃。书中阐述了如何追踪和消除内存泄漏，以及管理其他类型资源的方法。 7. **同步机制调试**：多线程和并发编程中的死锁、竞态条件等问题是调试的难点。作者分享了如何识别和解决这些同步问题的经验。 8. **64位调试**：随着64位系统的普及，了解64位环境下的调试技巧变得不可或缺。书中介绍了64位架构下的调试差异和挑战。 9. **事后调试**：对于那些无法重现的问题，事后调试提供了分析崩溃转储文件的手段，帮助理解程序在崩溃时的状态。 10. **Windows Vista及之后版本的基础知识**：书中涵盖的Windows操作系统基础，对于在新平台上调试是必要的，包括Vista引入的新特性和调试工具的更新。 11. **应用程序验证器的测试设置**：应用程序验证器是自动化检测常见编程错误的工具，学习如何配置和利用它能提高软件质量。《Advanced Windows Debugging》不仅提供了深入的理论知识，还包含了大量实际案例，使得读者能够掌握高级调试技巧，从而更有效地找出和解决Windows平台上的软件问题。这本书对于任何涉及Windows软件开发、测试和支持的专业人士来说，都是一份宝贵的资源。

REFACE

Not long ago, we were reminiscing about a really tough problem we faced at work.

The Quality Assurance team was running stress tests on our product, and every four

or ﬁve days, a crash would rear its ugly head. Sure, we had debugged the crash as far

as we thought possible, and we had done extensive code reviews to try to ﬁgure it out,

but alas, not enough information could be gained to get to the bottom of it. After sev-

eral weeks of unfruitful attempts, we started looking for alternative approaches.

During a random hallway conversation, someone happened to casually mention a tool

called gﬂags. Having never heard of this tool before, we set out to do some research

to ﬁnd out how it could help us get to the bottom of our crash. Unfortunately, the

learning process proved to be somewhat difﬁcult. First, ﬁnding information about the

tool proved to be a real challenge. There was a ton of great information in the refer-

ence documentation that came with the tools, but it was hard to ﬁgure out how to

actually get started. We quickly realized that without some basic guidance, there was

little hope for us to be able to utilize the tool. Naturally, we decided to ask the per-

son who had happened to mention the tool if he knew of any documentation or point-

ers. He gave us some brief descriptions of the tool and, perhaps more importantly, the

names of other people who had worked with the tool extensively. What followed was

a series of long and instructive conversations, and bit by bit the basic idea behind the

tool started falling into place.

Did we ever get to the bottom of the crash? Yes—we did. As a matter of fact,

enabling the correct tool while running our stress tests pinpointed the problem to

such accuracy that it only took an hour of code reviewing to locate and ﬁx the misbe-

having code. Had we known about this tool and how to use it from the start, we would

have saved several weeks of work. From that point on, we dedicated quite a lot of

time to furthering our understanding of the tools and how they can help while trying

to troubleshoot misbehaving code.

Over the years, the Windows debuggers and tools have matured and grown and

become increasingly powerful. The amount of timesaving features now available is

truly mind-boggling. What is equally mind-boggling is that after several years, the

native debuggers and tools are still relatively unknown to developers. The few devel-

opers who do ﬁnd out that these tools exist have to go through a similarly painful learn-

ing process as we did years ago. We were fortunate to have the luxury of working with

engineers at Microsoft (some of whom wrote the tools), but without this luxury, many

hopeful developers end up at a dead end and are never able to reap the beneﬁts of the

tools. This unfortunate problem of a lack of learning material also turned out to be a

great opportunity for a solution, and thus the idea for this book was born. The key to

enable developers to gain the knowledge required is to provide a central repository of

concise information that fully explains the ins and outs of the debugging tools and

processes. The book you are holding serves as that key and is the net result of three

years of writing and over 15 years of collective debugging experience.

We hope that you will enjoy reading this book as much as we enjoyed authoring

it and that it will open up the door to a truly amazing world of highly efﬁcient soft-

ware troubleshooting and debugging. Knowing how to use the tools and techniques

described in this book is a critical part of a computer scientist’s work and can teach

you how to very efﬁciently troubleshoot some of the toughest problems in software.

Who Is This Book For?

The short answer to this question is anyone who is involved in any facet of software

development and has a strong desire to learn what is actually happening deep inside

Windows. Although the technical nature of the book might make you believe that its

content is only intended for advanced system engineers, this is absolutely not true. One

of the key points of this book is the removing of the magic. For various reasons, a lot of

software engineers believe that there is a magical relationship between the software

they are working on and the operating system. When a problem surfaces that requires

the analysis of operating system components (such as RPC/COM or the Windows heap

manager), this preconceived notion of magic prevents them from venturing inside

Windows to gain more information that can potentially help them solve the problem.

To make effective use of this book, you will have to learn how to remove this precon-

ceived notion and truly be of the mind-set that there is no magic behind-the-scenes.

The core Windows components should be viewed as an extension of your product and

not as a separate and magical layer. After all, it’s all just code—some of which just hap-

pened to be written by other people. If you can adjust your mind-set to accept this, you

will have taken your ﬁrst steps to mastering the art of Windows debugging.

Software Developers

Anyone from a low-level system developer to a high-level RAD developer will beneﬁt

from reading this book. Whether your preference is writing Windows-based software

in assembly language or by using the .NET framework, there is a ton of useful infor-

mation to be learned about the tools and techniques behind Windows debugging.

xvi

Preface

Over the years, we’ve had several discussions with higher-level RAD developers who

claim that they really don’t see the need to learn about these low-level topics. After all,

the beauty of writing code at a higher level is that all of the low-level intricacies are

abstracted and hidden away from the developer. We couldn’t agree more. However,

our claim is that although abstractive programming allows the developer not to have

to focus on low-level details, it does not negate the need to know how the abstraction

really works. The substance behind this claim is simple. What you are working with is

really just that—an abstraction. Usage of this abstraction in a design that it was not

suited for can cause serious problems in your software; and, in such a case, without a

solid understanding of how the abstraction works, it can mean the difference between

shipping your product on time and slipping the release date by several months.

Another key factor when considering mastering the Windows debuggers and tools

is related to the debugging of live production servers. While every attempt should be

made to ﬁx bugs before shipping a product, we all know that some bugs might slip

through the cracks. When these bugs do surface post release, it can be a real

headache tracking them down. Customers who encounter the bugs on live produc-

tion servers are typically very sensitive to downtime and conﬁguration changes, mak-

ing it impossible to install a complex debugger package. The Debugging Tools for

Windows, on the other hand, enables live debugging with no server conﬁguration

change and no installation requirements. In short, it enables customers to keep a pris-

tine server during the troubleshooting process.

Quality Assurance Engineers

Just as software developers will ﬁnd the information in this book useful in their day-to-

day tasks, so will quality assurance engineers. Quality assurance typically runs a battery

of tests on any given component being tested. During this time, any number of bugs

can surface. Whether they are memory corruptions, resource leaks, or hangs, knowing

what extended instrumentation to enable during the test run can dramatically reduce

the time it takes for root cause analysis. For instance, imagine that quality assurance is

tasked with stress testing a credit card authorization service. One of the goals is that

the service must be capable of surviving one week of continuous and simultaneous

hammering by client requests. On day six, the service starts reporting errors for all

client requests. At this point, the developers responsible for the service are called in to

analyze the problem. It doesn’t take long for them to ﬁgure out that the server has run

out of memory, presumably due to a small memory leak that accumulates over time.

After six days of accumulated leaks, ﬁguring out the source of the leak, however, is a

much bigger challenge that can take days of debugging and code reviewing. Had the

correct extended instrumentation been enabled while running these tests, the time it

would have taken to analyze the leak could have been greatly reduced.

Preface xvii

Product Support Engineers

In much the same way that quality assurance uses the Windows debuggers and tools

to make root cause analysis more efﬁcient, so can the product support engineers.

Product support faces many of the same problems that quality assurance and software

developers face on a day by day basis. The key difference, however, is the environ-

mental constraints that they work under. The constraints can include not having full

access to the server exhibiting the problems, having a limited amount of time avail-

able for troubleshooting the server, having limited access to customer source code,

and other issues.

The information presented in this book will give product support engineers a

great deal of ammunition when tackling these tough problems. Knowing how to

debug customer problems with minimal downtime and minimal system conﬁguration

changes enables product support engineers to much more efﬁciently and nonintru-

sively gather the required data to get to the bottom of the problem.

Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way

It should come as no surprise that the material presented in this book is highly tech-

nical in nature. We are not going to try and convince you that you don’t need to know

anything about Windows internals to beneﬁt from the book because the simple truth

is that you do. As with any technically oriented book, a certain amount of knowledge

is assumed.

Curiosity and a Will to Learn

While writing this book, we came to the realization that some of the areas of Windows

we were writing about had been taken for granted. Sure, most of the time we knew

that those areas worked a certain way, but we did not know exactly what made them

work that way. We could have simply accepted the fact that they just work, but curios-

ity got the best of us (as it usually does). We spent quite a lot of time researching the

topics and trying to connect the dots. The net result was a more in-depth under-

standing of Windows, which, in turn, allowed us to more efﬁciently debug problems.

The basic principle behind learning anything is that there must be a will to learn.

Depending on your background, some of the high-level material in the book might

feel intimidating. Embrace this intimidation, and you will be in a stronger position to

fully grasp and understand the contents of this book.

If you possess the will to learn and have a great deal of curiosity, you will be well

on your way to becoming an expert in Windows debugging.

xviii

Preface

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