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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) E. Rescorla
Request for Comments: 8446 Mozilla
Obsoletes:
5077, 5246, 6961 August 2018
Updates:
5705, 6066
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
Abstract
This document specifies version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security
(TLS) protocol. TLS allows client/server applications to communicate
over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping,
tampering, and message forgery.
This document updates RFCs 5705 and 6066, and obsoletes RFCs 5077,
5246, and 6961. This document also specifies new requirements for
TLS 1.2 implementations.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446.
Rescorla Standards Track [Page 1]

RFC 8446
TLS August 2018
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to
BCP 78 and the IETF Trust’s Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(
https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Rescorla Standards Track [Page 2]

RFC 8446
TLS August 2018
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................6
1.1. Conventions and Terminology ................................7
1.2. Major Differences from TLS 1.2 .............................8
1.3. Updates Affecting TLS 1.2 ..................................9
2. Protocol Overview ..............................................10
2.1. Incorrect DHE Share .......................................14
2.2. Resumption and Pre-Shared Key (PSK) .......................15
2.3. 0-RTT Data ................................................17
3. Presentation Language ..........................................19
3.1. Basic Block Size ..........................................19
3.2. Miscellaneous .............................................20
3.3. Numbers ...................................................20
3.4. Vectors ...................................................20
3.5. Enumerateds ...............................................21
3.6. Constructed Types .........................................22
3.7. Constants .................................................23
3.8. Variants ..................................................23
4. Handshake Protocol .............................................24
4.1. Key Exchange Messages .....................................25
4.1.1. Cryptographic Negotiation ..........................26
4.1.2. Client Hello .......................................27
4.1.3. Server Hello .......................................31
4.1.4. Hello Retry Request ................................33
4.2. Extensions ................................................35
4.2.1. Supported Versions .................................39
4.2.2. Cookie .............................................40
4.2.3. Signature Algorithms ...............................41
4.2.4. Certificate Authorities ............................45
4.2.5. OID Filters ........................................45
4.2.6. Post-Handshake Client Authentication ...............47
4.2.7. Supported Groups ...................................47
4.2.8. Key Share ..........................................48
4.2.9. Pre-Shared Key Exchange Modes ......................51
4.2.10. Early Data Indication .............................52
4.2.11. Pre-Shared Key Extension ..........................55
4.3. Server Parameters .........................................59
4.3.1. Encrypted Extensions ...............................60
4.3.2. Certificate Request ................................60
4.4. Authentication Messages ...................................61
4.4.1. The Transcript Hash ................................63
4.4.2. Certificate ........................................64
4.4.3. Certificate Verify .................................69
4.4.4. Finished ...........................................71
4.5. End of Early Data .........................................72
Rescorla Standards Track [Page 3]

RFC 8446
TLS August 2018
4.6. Post-Handshake Messages ...................................73
4.6.1. New Session Ticket Message .........................73
4.6.2. Post-Handshake Authentication ......................75
4.6.3. Key and Initialization Vector Update ...............76
5. Record Protocol ................................................77
5.1. Record Layer ..............................................78
5.2. Record Payload Protection .................................80
5.3. Per-Record Nonce ..........................................82
5.4. Record Padding ............................................83
5.5. Limits on Key Usage .......................................84
6. Alert Protocol .................................................85
6.1. Closure Alerts ............................................87
6.2. Error Alerts ..............................................88
7. Cryptographic Computations .....................................90
7.1. Key Schedule ..............................................91
7.2. Updating Traffic Secrets ..................................94
7.3. Traffic Key Calculation ...................................95
7.4. (EC)DHE Shared Secret Calculation .........................95
7.4.1. Finite Field Diffie-Hellman ........................95
7.4.2. Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman ......................96
7.5. Exporters .................................................97
8. 0-RTT and Anti-Replay ..........................................98
8.1. Single-Use Tickets ........................................99
8.2. Client Hello Recording ....................................99
8.3. Freshness Checks .........................................101
9. Compliance Requirements .......................................102
9.1. Mandatory-to-Implement Cipher Suites .....................102
9.2. Mandatory-to-Implement Extensions ........................103
9.3. Protocol Invariants ......................................104
10. Security Considerations ......................................106
11. IANA Considerations ..........................................106
12. References ...................................................109
12.1. Normative References ....................................109
12.2. Informative References ..................................112
Appendix A. State Machine ........................................120
A.1. Client ....................................................120
A.2. Server ....................................................121
Appendix B. Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values .........122
B.1. Record Layer ..............................................122
B.2. Alert Messages ............................................123
B.3. Handshake Protocol ........................................124
B.3.1. Key Exchange Messages .................................125
B.3.2. Server Parameters Messages ............................131
B.3.3. Authentication Messages ...............................132
B.3.4. Ticket Establishment ..................................132
B.3.5. Updating Keys .........................................133
B.4. Cipher Suites .............................................133
Rescorla Standards Track [Page 4]

RFC 8446
TLS August 2018
Appendix C. Implementation Notes .................................134
C.1. Random Number Generation and Seeding ......................134
C.2. Certificates and Authentication ...........................135
C.3. Implementation Pitfalls ...................................135
C.4. Client Tracking Prevention ................................137
C.5. Unauthenticated Operation .................................137
Appendix D. Backward Compatibility ...............................138
D.1. Negotiating with an Older Server ..........................139
D.2. Negotiating with an Older Client ..........................139
D.3. 0-RTT Backward Compatibility ..............................140
D.4. Middlebox Compatibility Mode ..............................140
D.5. Security Restrictions Related to Backward Compatibility ...141
Appendix E. Overview of Security Properties ......................142
E.1. Handshake .................................................142
E.1.1. Key Derivation and HKDF ...............................145
E.1.2. Client Authentication .................................146
E.1.3. 0-RTT .................................................146
E.1.4. Exporter Independence .................................146
E.1.5. Post-Compromise Security ..............................146
E.1.6. External References ...................................147
E.2. Record Layer ..............................................147
E.2.1. External References ...................................148
E.3. Traffic Analysis ..........................................148
E.4. Side-Channel Attacks ......................................149
E.5. Replay Attacks on 0-RTT ...................................150
E.5.1. Replay and Exporters ..................................151
E.6. PSK Identity Exposure .....................................152
E.7. Sharing PSKs ..............................................152
E.8. Attacks on Static RSA .....................................152
Contributors .....................................................153
Author’s Address .................................................160
Rescorla Standards Track [Page 5]
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