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Oracle Database 11g: SQL
Fundamentals I
Volume II • Student Guide
D49996GC20
Edition 2.0
October 2009
D63148
Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and
other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your
own use in an Oracle training course. The document may not be modified or altered in
any way. Except where your use constitutes "fair use" under copyright law, you may
not use, share, download, upload, copy, print, display, perform, reproduce, publish,
license, post, transmit, or distribute this document in whole or in part without the
express authorization of Oracle.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you
find any problems in the document, please report them in writing to: Oracle University,
500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, California 94065 USA. This document is not
warranted to be error-free.
Restricted Rights Notice
If this documentation is delivered to the United States Government or anyone using
the documentation on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is
applicable:
U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
The U.S. Government’s rights to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or
disclose these training materials are restricted by the terms of the applicable Oracle
license agreement and/or the applicable U.S. Government contract.
Trademark Notice
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other
names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Authors
Salome Clement
Brian Pottle
Puja Singh
Technical Contributors
and Reviewers
Anjulaponni Azhagulekshmi
Clair Bennett
Zarko Cesljas
Yanti Chang
Gerlinde Frenzen
Steve Friedberg
Joel Goodman
Nancy Greenberg
Pedro Neves
Surya Rekha
Helen Robertson
Lauran Serhal
Tulika Srivastava
Editors
Aju Kumar
Arijit Ghosh
Graphic Designer
Rajiv Chandrabhanu
Publishers
Pavithran Adka
Veena Narasimhan
iii
Contents
I Introduction
Lesson Objectives I-2
Lesson Agenda I-3
Course Objectives I-4
Course Agenda I-5
Appendixes Used in the Course I-7
Lesson Agenda I-8
Oracle Database 11g: Focus Areas I-9
Oracle Database 11g I-10
Oracle Fusion Middleware I-12
Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control I-13
Oracle BI Publisher I-14
Lesson Agenda I-15
Relational and Object Relational Database Management Systems I-16
Data Storage on Different Media I-17
Relational Database Concept I-18
Definition of a Relational Database I-19
Data Models I-20
Entity Relationship Model I-21
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions I-23
Relating Multiple Tables I-25
Relational Database Terminology I-27
Lesson Agenda I-29
Using SQL to Query Your Database I-30
SQL Statements I-31
Development Environments for SQL I-32
Lesson Agenda I-33
Human Resources (HR) Schema I-34
Tables Used in the Course I-35
Lesson Agenda I-36
Oracle Database 11g Documentation I-37
Additional Resources I-38
Summary I-39
Practice I: Overview I-40
iv
1 Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement
Objectives 1-2
Lesson Agenda 1-3
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements 1-4
Basic SELECT Statement 1-5
Selecting All Columns 1-6
Selecting Specific Columns 1-7
Writing SQL Statements 1-8
Column Heading Defaults 1-9
Lesson Agenda 1-10
Arithmetic Expressions 1-11
Using Arithmetic Operators 1-12
Operator Precedence 1-13
Defining a Null Value 1-14
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions 1-15
Lesson Agenda 1-16
Defining a Column Alias 1-17
Using Column Aliases 1-18
Lesson Agenda 1-19
Concatenation Operator 1-20
Literal Character Strings 1-21
Using Literal Character Strings 1-22
Alternative Quote (q) Operator 1-23
Duplicate Rows 1-24
Lesson Agenda 1-25
Displaying the Table Structure 1-26
Using the DESCRIBE Command 1-27
Quiz 1-28
Summary 1-29
Practice 1: Overview 1-30
2 Restricting and Sorting Data
Objectives 2-2
Lesson Agenda 2-3
Limiting Rows Using a Selection 2-4
Limiting the Rows That Are Selected 2-5
Using the WHERE Clause 2-6
Character Strings and Dates 2-7
Comparison Operators 2-8
Using Comparison Operators 2-9
v
Range Conditions Using the BETWEEN Operator 2-10
Membership Condition Using the IN Operator 2-11
Pattern Matching Using the LIKE Operator 2-12
Combining Wildcard Characters 2-13
Using the NULL Conditions 2-14
Defining Conditions Using the Logical Operators 2-15
Using the AND Operator 2-16
Using the OR Operator 2-17
Using the NOT Operator 2-18
Lesson Agenda 2-19
Rules of Precedence 2-20
Lesson Agenda 2-22
Using the ORDER BY Clause 2-23
Sorting 2-24
Lesson Agenda 2-26
Substitution Variables 2-27
Using the Single-Ampersand Substitution Variable 2-29
Character and Date Values with Substitution Variables 2-31
Specifying Column Names, Expressions, and Text 2-32
Using the Double-Ampersand Substitution Variable 2-33
Lesson Agenda 2-34
Using the DEFINE Command 2-35
Using the VERIFY Command 2-36
Quiz 2-37
Summary 2-38
Practice 2: Overview 2-39
3 Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output
Objectives 3-2
Lesson Agenda 3-3
SQL Functions 3-4
Two Types of SQL Functions 3-5
Single-Row Functions 3-6
Lesson Agenda 3-8
Character Functions 3-9
Case-Conversion Functions 3-11
Using Case-Conversion Functions 3-12
Character-Manipulation Functions 3-13
Using the Character-Manipulation Functions 3-14
Lesson Agenda 3-15
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